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WISCONSIN CHILDREN, INCOMES, AND PROGRAM PARTICIPATION SURVEY (CHIPPS) OF 1985Users Guide to the Machine-Readable Data FileWritten by I-Fen Lin Produced by Institute for Research on Poverty Distributed by Data and Program Library Service (DPLS) The data archive project was supported by a grant awarded to Nora Cate Schaeffer, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin Madison, by the Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (91ASPE236A). This users guide was prepared by I-Fen Lin and Patricia R. Brown. HTML conversion by DPLS. November 1995 Please note: conversion of tables into HMTL proved problematic. Until this is fixed, we recommend you download the documentation files for any serious use. Suggested Bibliographic CitationAll manuscripts utilizing this data file should acknowledge
that fact University of Wisconsin. Institute for Research on Poverty. WISCONSIN CHILDREN, INCOMES, AND PROGRAM PARTICIPATION SURVEY (CHIPPS) OF 1985 [Computer file]. Edition prepared by I-Fen Lin, Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin- Madison and Patricia R. Brown, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP) [producer], 1995. Madison, WI: Data and Program Library Service (DPLS) [distributor], 1996. Table of Contents
Appendices(Appendices A through D are only available in hard copy by request).
WISCONSIN CHILDREN, INCOMES, AND PROGRAM PARTICIPATION SURVEY (CHIPPS) OF 1985The Wisconsin Children, Incomes, and Program Participation Survey (CHIPPS) was earlier termed WIPPS--Wisconsin Income and Program Participation Survey. WIPPS was the name used during the period when the principal investigators first proposed to conduct a general income survey that would have asked only a few questions about child support. The Office of Child Support Enforcement encouraged the investigators to develop a more child-support-specific survey, which was then was given the name "Wisconsin Children, Income, and Program Participation Survey (CHIPPS)." In the following documentation, we use the term "CHIPPS" for the survey as a whole. Questions originally developed for WIPPS appear in the Financial and Employment section. CHIPPS is a telephone survey of Wisconsin households conducted by the Institute for Research on Poverty (IRP) during the summer of 1985 with support from the Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services. Its purpose was to examine the functioning of the child support system and to assist in development of the Child Support Assurance Program (CSAP). The survey had four particular goals:
CHIPPS used a random sample of all residential households in the state and an over-sample of the households in which a child-support-eligible custodial or noncustodial parent resided, thus permitting non-child-support-eligible households to be compared with child-support-eligible households in terms of poverty rates, labor market participation, welfare utilization, and attitudes toward child support. Based on the experience of previous analyses of child support and other economic studies of Wisconsin households, the desired sample sizes were designated as: Household Type Desired Cases Custodial parents 300-400 Noncustodial parents 200-270 Others 800 Structure of the Survey Questions The survey includes four sets of questions. Three sets (Screener Section, Norm/Vignettes Section, and Financial and Employment Section) were asked of all respondents; questions in the Child Support Section were only asked of parents of child-support-eligible children (for details, see Appendix C: Question Flow Chart). In each section, questions are numbered, beginning with Question 1. However, in the data file, each question has a unique variable number. The range of question numbers ("Q") and that of variable numbers ("V") is summarized in the box at the beginning of each section below. (1) Screener Section:Q.1 - Q.44, Q.C1-Q.C5, Q.W1-Q.W2 The screener section of the interview was administered after the introductory statements. These screening questions identified: the number of adults (over 19) in the household, the age-sex composition of the household, the marital status of all adults, the presence of a custodial or noncustodial parent of children eligible for child support. During the random-sampling phase, if there was no custodial or noncustodial parent, the interview continued with the adult who answered the telephone first and who had completed the screener. Otherwise, the adult who answered the screener was asked to request that the custodial or noncustodial parent to come to the phone. If the custodial or noncustodial parent was not available, the interviewer arranged to call back for the custodial or noncustodial parent. When the custodial parent was less than 19 years old and living with a parent, the (grand)parent was asked to provide a proxy interview for the custodial teen. When both custodial and noncustodial parents of the same child(ren) resided in one household, the custodial parent was first asked to respond to the entire interview, and the noncustodial parent was asked only the noncustodial set of questions. If the custodial parent was also the noncustodial parent of other children, the parent was asked to provide information on both the custodial and noncustodial sections of the questions. If there was more than one custodial parent or more than one noncustodial parent in the household, the screener randomly selected only one respondent of each type for the interview. The public-use data include 1556 respondents: 387 custodial parents, 173 noncustodial parents, 52 parents who are both custodial and noncustodial parents, 4 proxy interviews for custodial teens, and 940 non-child-support-eligible respondents (see V87 for frequency distribution). When the number of non-child-support-eligible respondents reached the goal of 800, the over-sampling phase began. During the over-sampling phase, if the screener found no custodial ornoncustodial parent in the household, the interview was terminated. The information from these "unsuccessful" screeners was not coded for entry into the data file. When the over-sample screening located a custodial or noncustodial parent of a child-support-eligible child, the interview continued. Of all respondents, 69% (N=1073) are in the random sample and 31% (N=483) are in the over-sample (see V57 for frequency distribution). At the beginning of the interview, respondents were randomly assigned to form X or form Y. Of 1556 respondents, 771 were assigned to form X and 785 were assigned to form Y (see V2 for frequency distribution). This was done because (1) not all of the respondents received both form X and form Y in the Norm/Vignette Section (for explanation see below), and (2) in the split-ballot question experiments, respondents received only one form of questions, depending on whether the respondents were assigned to X or Y (for explanation, see Financial and Employment Section and Child Support Section). (2) Norm/Vignettes Section:Q.1 - Q.3 (X form), Q.4 - Q.5 (Y form) The questions about norms for child support were asked of both non-child-support-eligible respondents and child-support-eligible respondents. The norm questions were divided into two forms, X and Y. Form X concerns child support awards and form Y is about a hypothetical child support program. For those respondents who were not custodial, not noncustodial, or not providing a proxy interview for a custodial teen, both forms were asked. Form X was asked before the Financial and Employment Section. Form Y was asked after the Financial and Employment Section. To economize on interviewing costs, only one form was asked of custodial parents, noncustodial parents, and those providing proxy interviews for custodial teens. Of 1556 respondents, 305 respondents received form X only, 310 respondents received form Y only, and 941 respondents received both form X and form Y (see V227 for frequency distribution). The norm questions asked about: perceptions of and attitudes toward child support, appropriate child support awards under varying circumstances, when awards should be modified, the appropriateness of automatic income withholding under various circumstances, feelings about an assured child support benefit. (3) Financial and Employment (or WIPPS) Section:Q.1 - Q.94, The reference period for income and most of the employment questions was calendar year 1984. Questions evaluating income changes and long-term program participation asked about the period from 1981 to the interview date (summer 1985). The date of the interview was also the date for information about location, education, assets, debts, health insurance, and the spouse's relationships with children. The financial and employment questions asked about: residence, income, assets and debts, labor market participation, welfare program participation, miscellaneous (income evaluation, health insurance question, etc.). In addition, a question experiment measuring disagreement about parenting was conducted in this section for non-child-support-eligible parents. Two versions of questions (forms X and Y) were used. These two forms varied response categories: form X used frequency measures and form Y used intensity measures (see Appendix D for question wordings). Of 1556 respondents, 771 were assigned to form X and 785 respondents were assigned to form Y (see V2 for frequency distribution). The following summarizes how these question numbers and variable numbers correspond: Please note: conversion of tables into HMTL proved problematic. Until this is fixed, we recommend you download the documentation files for any serious use. Question Number Variable Number Q.95 V465 Q.96 V466 Q.97 V467 (4) Child Support Sections: Custodial:Q.1 - Q.35, Q.39 - Q.114, Q.116 - Q.121, Q.130 - Q.142 Noncustodial:Q.1 - Q.35, Q.39 - Q.114, Q.116 - Q.121, Q.130 - Q.141 Proxy:Q.1 - Q.142 The child support section had three versions, one for custodial parents, one for noncustodial parents and one for proxy interviews. The questions for custodial parents are the same as those for noncustodial parents except that (1) custodial parents were asked about the amount of support theyreceived and noncustodial parents were asked about the amount of support they paid; (2) custodial parents were asked about their attempts to collect the full amount of support orders. If the respondent had more than one child eligible for support and the children had only one parent living elsewhere, the child support questions (support owed and paid) covered all children. If the respondent had more than one child eligible for support and the children had more than one parent living elsewhere, only one child support case was randomly selected for questions. The child support questions asked about: types of relationship between custodial and noncustodial parents, details about the agreement (both substance and mechanics), information on custody and visitation, information on child support arrangements, including details of agreement and compliance with agreement, in-depth assessment of family interaction, perceptions of the equity of child support agreements, information about the other parent. Questions concerning the child support agreement refer to 1984. In addition, two question experiments were conducted in this section. The first experiment measured the frequency of contacts between children and their noncustodial parents (Q.36 - Q.38). The experiment varied question formats: form X used open-ended questions and form Y used close-ended questions (see Appendix D for question wordings). Because questions were in different formats, answers for form X and form Y were separately recorded in the data file (see table below). The second experiment measured the disagreement about parenting (Q.115, Q.122 - Q.129). Like the experiment conducted in the Financial and Employment Section, the experiment varied response categories: form X used frequency measures and form Y used intensity measures (also see Appendix D for question wordings). Because two forms of questions had same formats, answers for form X and form Y were recorded together. Of 1556 respondents, 771 were assigned to form X and 785 were assigned to form Y (see V2 for frequency distribution). Custodial parents' answers and noncustodial parents' answers were recorded in different variables. The following table summarizes how these question numbers and variable numbers correspond: Please note: conversion of tables into HMTL proved problematic. Until this is fixed, we recommend you download the documentation files for any serious use.
Variable Number
Question Number Custodial Parents Noncustodial Parents
(Answers for form X and form Y were separately recorded)
form X form Y form X form Y
Q.36 V555-V558 V580-V587 V766-V769 V799-V806
Q.37 V559-V562 V588-V595 V770-V773 V807-V814
Q.38 V563 V596 V774 V815
(Answers for form X and form Y were recorded together)
Q.115 V668 V893
Q.122 V673 V898
Q.123 V674 V899
Q.124 V675 V900
Q.125 V676 V901
Q.126 V677 V902
Q.127 V678 V903
Q.128 V679 (did not ask noncustodial parents)
Q.129 V680 V904
CHIPPS used a Random Digit Dialing (RDD) telephone design. The RDD procedures were conducted in two stages: residential numbers were identified in the first stage and interviews were obtained in the second stage. Two computer-generated lists of 20 random telephone numbers within a block of 100 possible telephone numbers were recorded. One list (say List A) was used in stage 1 exclusively for identification of residential blocks. Another list (say List B) was used in stage 2 to obtain interviews. In the first stage, only one number (from List A) was called. A block of 100 numbers was considered to be residential if the telephone number called from List A was a residential number. If the contact was a residential household, the block was retained for use in the second stage (i.e., use List B to obtain interviews); if the contact was with a business or other nonresident concern, the entire block of 20 numbers was rejected for further use (i.e., List B was not be used). No interviews were obtained in the first stage. In the second stage, a maximum of 7 interviews were completed in each block. CHIPPS used a standard of 12 return calls. Two attempts were made on each day (Monday through Saturday) and three attempts were made in each time period (9 am-noon, noon-3 pm, 3-6 pm, and 6-9 pm). A number was not considered unreachable until 12 attempts had been made according to the pattern determined by the rule. Although all interim and final results for each telephone number were recorded, the calling record is not available for archiving. Of the total number of contacts (N=5678), 6.9% refused, 50.1% completed the screened interview, 10.5% were not household numbers, 20.8% had disconnected lines, 5.9% had a continual ring, 1.6% had a continual busy signal, and 4.2% had crossed lines (a telephone routing error; automatic forwarding to an unrelated number). Because it is uncertain how many of the unresolved numbers represent households, it is assumed that 20% of the unresolved numbers corresponded to households that were not contacted. That is, Estimated Refusals + Estimate of households not contacted nonresponse rate = Screener completions + Refusals + Estimate of households not contacted The nonresponse rate for the random sample is estimated to be 32.8%, for the over-sample is 17.9%; overall, the non-response rate is 21.2%. Conversely, the response rate for the random sample is 67.2%, for the over-sample is 82.1%, and for the total sample is 78.8%. There are two sets of special response codes. The alphabetic codes are used in the questionnaire but were transformed into numeric codes used in the data file: -11 (K) = Don't know -13 (M) = Interviewer error -18 (R) = Refusal -24 (X) = Legal skip -25 (Y) = Not applicable Data Preparation and Formatting To be sure that data were internally consistent, that responses fell within appropriate ranges, and that the correct skip patterns were used, the data were examined and corrected by means of a range-skip data-cleaning computer program. The archive data are available in two formats: ASCII and SPSS export files. All variables in the data file are stored as numeric characters. The ASCII file is a rectangular file written in F10.2 format. That is, each variable uses 10 columns and has a maximum of 2 decimal digits (xxxxxxx.xx format). Each variable in the ASCII file is right justified to the decimal point. Thus, for example, 2 is stored as " _ _ _ _ _ _ 2.00" in the data set (underline indicates that the column is blank). The location of the Ith variable starts at column ((I -1) * 10 + 1) and ends at column (I * 10). The SPSS export file was run on SPSS Release 4.1 for VAX/VMS. Both ASCII and SPSS export files were run on a V6.1 VMS/VAX computer. The data include 1556 respondents and 1105 variables (some are coded as -24, "variable not in use"). The locations of 5 summary variables (R_KIDS, R_INC, RSP_INC, HH_INC, CPLE_INC) and how they are constructed (in SPSS) are as follows: 1. R_KIDS (number of kids respondent has), V1101 compute r_kids = 0 do repeat X = V37 to V46 if X = V485 r_kids = r_kids+1 end repeat 2. R_INC (respondent's yearly income), V1102 RSP_INC (respondent's spouse yearly income), V1103 recode V264 to V267 V273 to V276 V282 to V285 V291 to V294 V300 to V303 V314 to V317 V323 to V326 V332 to V335 V338 V344 to V347 V353 to V356 V362 to V365 V367 V370 V376 to V379 V381 V383 V389 to V392 (24=0)(18=sysmis)(11=sysmis)(13=sysmis)(25=sysmis) compute r_inc = 0 compute rsp_inc = 0 do repeat X = V260 to V263 /* wagesalary /Y = V264 to V267 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V269 to V272 /* BFPP income /Y = V273 to V276 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V278 to V281 /* RRB income /Y = V282 to V285 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V287 to V290 /* supplemental security income /Y = V291 to V294 if (x = 485) r_inc = sum(r_inc, y) if (x = 486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc, y) end repeat do if (V306 = 1) /* count social security yearly income if (V304 = V296) V300 = V300*12 if (V304 = V297) V301 = V301*12 if (V304 = V298) V302 = V302*12 if (V304 = V299) V303 = V303*12 end if do if V307 = 1 /* count social security yearly income if (V305 = V296) V300 = V300*12 if (V305 = V297) V301 = V301*12 if (V305 = V298) V302 = V302*12 if (V305 = V299) V303 = V303*12 end if do repeat X = V296 to V299 /* social security /Y = V300 to V303 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V310 to V313 /* AFDC income /Y = V314 to V317 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V319 to V322 /* general relief /Y = V323 to V326 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V328 to V331 /* food stamps /Y = V332 to V335 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V340 to V343 /* unemployment compensation /Y = V344 to V347 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V349 to V352 /* strike pay /Y = V353 to V356 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V358 to V361 /* pensions, military benefits /Y = V362 to V365 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V372 to V375 /* school assistance, training /Y = V376 to V379 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc,y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc,y) end repeat do repeat X = V385 to V388 /* other income /Y = V389 to V392 if (x = V485) r_inc = sum(r_inc, y) if (x = V486) rsp_inc = sum(rsp_inc, y) end repeat recode r_inc (0 = sysmis) recode rsp_inc (0 = sysmis) 3. HH_INC (respondent household yearly income), located at columns 11031-11040. compute hh_inc = sum(V264,V265,V266,V267,V273,V274,V275,V276, V282,V283,V284,V285,V291,V292,V293,V294,V300, V301,V302,V303,V314,V315,V316,V317,V323,V324,V325,V326, V332,V333,V334,V335,V338,V344,V345,V346,V347,V353,V354, V355,V356,V362,V363,V364,V365,V367,V370,V376,V377,V378, V379,V381,V383,V389,V390,V391,V392) recode hh_inc (0 = sysmis) 4. CPLE_INC (respondent and respondent's spouse yearly income), located at columns 11041-11050. compute cple_inc = sum(r_inc,rsp_inc) recode cple_inc (0 = sysmis) The following are three examples of typical entries included in Appendix A: Questionnaire and Codebook. The first example illustrates a single-response question; the second, a multiple-response question; the third, a question with open-ended categories in Appendix B. The numbers in brackets [ ] do not appear in the actual text, but are references to the descriptions which follow the example. Example 1: single-response question [1] CARD #002 [2] 11.[3] In 1984 did anyone in your household receive any income from a business, farm, partnership or professional practice? [4] INCLUDE PERSONS 16 OR OLDER ONLY [5] Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 [7] [8] No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GO TO Q13 268 Don't know. . . . . . . . . . . .K 47 [6] [9] [1]80-column "card image" number. The card number was for initial data entry. The number is not in the data file and is for reference use only. [2]Question number. In each section, questions start from question 1. The number is not shown in the data file. [3]Question wording. The wording is not in the data file. [4][7] Instruction for interviewers. The instruction is not in the data file. [5] Code of the variable. The codes are in the data file. [6]Question skip. In this example, if respondent says "Yes," interviewer asks next question (Q. 12). But if respondent says "No" or "Don't Know," interviewer skips to Q.13 of the same section. This information is not in the data file. [8]Variable number used to calculate the location of the variable in the ASCII file. In this example, the variable in the data file is identified as V268. [9]The column number in 80-column "card image." The number was for initial data entry. The number is not in the data file and is for reference use only. Example 2: multiple-response question [1]15.[2] IF CHILDREN OUTSIDE THIS HOUSEHOLD HAVE DIFFERENT HOMES, CIRCLE ALL CODES THAT APPLY. [3] With whom (does this child/do these children) live? [4] [5] [6] [7] At least 1 lives with other parent. . . . . . . . . .1/N1 105 At least 1 lives with other relative or guardian .2/N2 106 Live(s) at school. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 107 Live(s) at other institution (hospital or prison). 44 108 Other (SPECIFY) 55 109 [8] 46-50 [9] [10] ENTER CODE `C' FOR ADULT #1 IN ROW 5 OF ADULT ROSTER AND BEGIN INTERVIEW [1]Question number. In each section, questions start from question 1. The number is not shown in the data file. [2]Instruction for interviewers. The instruction is not in the data file. In this example, the instruction asks interviewers to check ALL answers that would apply to the respondent's situation. [3]Question wording. The wording is not in the data file. [4] [6] Order of the multiple responses. The number is not in the data file. [5]A symbol is recorded on the roster to determine whether or not respondent is a noncustodial parent ("N"). [7]Variable number used to calculate the location of the variable in the ASCII file. In this example, the numbers in the data file are identified as V105, V106, V107, V108, and V109, respectively. 3 examples -- <Example 1> If a respondent had 1 child living with the other parent, V105 is coded as 1 ("yes") and V106, V107, V108, and V109 are coded as 2 ("no"). Then, this respondent is identified as the noncustodial parent and will be asked about questions in Child Support Section later. <Example 2> If a respondent had 2 children, one living with grandparents and the other living at school, V106 and V107 are coded as 1 ("yes"), and V105, V108, and V109 are coded as 2 ("no"). This respondent is identified as the noncustodial parent and will receive Child Support questions later. <Example 3> If a respondent had 1 child living in somewhere else other than the other parent's home, the grandparent's home, school, or institutions, V109 is coded as 1 ("yes"), and V105, V106, V107, and V108 are coded as 2 ("no"). This respondent will skip the questions in the Child Support Section. [8]Although this is in the format of an open-ended answer, all the responses are coded as 1 (Yes, the child lived with other people or places) or 2 (No, the child lived with the other parent, with other relatives, at school, or at institutions). [9]The column number in 80-column "card image." The number was for initial data entry. The number is not in the data file and is for reference use only. [10]A symbol is recorded on the roster to determine whether respondents will skip questions in the Child Support Section ("W"), or answer questions in the Child Support Section as a custodial ("C") or noncustodial parent ("N"). Example 3: question with open-ended categories [1] 9.[2]The natural father is sometime made the legal father of the child(ren) even though he does not marry the child(ren)'s mother. The natural father becomes the legal father if he signs a statement agreeing that he is the father or if a court decides that he is the father. I am going to describe some ways in which situations like this are handled. Please tell me which of these, if any, describes your situation. [3]READ CATEGORIES UNTIL R SELECTS ONE. 509 23 [5] [4] [6] [7] A court decides that the man is the child(ren)'s father 1 (GO TO Q.34) A court decides that the man is not the child(ren)'s father 2 (GO TO Q.115) The man signs a legal statement agreeing that he is the child(ren)'s father 3 (GO TO Q.34) The man disagrees that he is the father but does agree to help support the child(ren) 4 (GO TO Q.34) The man disagrees that he is the child(ren)'s father and refuses to help support the child(ren) 5 (GO TO Q.115) IF VOLUNTEERED none of these 6 (GO TO Q.10) [8]10. [9] What happened in your situation? [10] RECORD ANSWER VERBATIM [1][8]Question number. In each section, questions start from question 1. The number is not shown in the data file. [2][9]Question wording. The wording is not in the data file. [3]Instruction for interviewers. The instruction is not in the data file. In this example, the instruction asks interviewers to read categories until respondents select one answer. [4]The column number in 80-column "card image." The number was for initial data entry. The number is not in the data file and is for reference use only. [5]Variable number used to calculate the location of the variable in the ASCII file. In this example, the variable in the data file is identified as V509. [6] Code of the variable. The codes are in the data file. [7]Question skip. In this example, interviewers are instructed to skip to different question in the same section. This information is not in the data file. [10]Verbatim responses. The coding of the open-ended categories are documented in Appendix B. For example, V509 and V720 have the same question wording (Q. 10). Codes for open-ended categories are found in V699 and V921. In addition to this user's guide, there are 6 appendices available on request. They are: Appendix A: Questionnaire and Codebook Appendix B: Open-ended Categories Appendix C: Question Flow Chart Appendix D: Question Wording of the Response Category Experiment Appendix F: Variable Frequency Distributions and Value Labels Ordering Data and Documentation This data set is "Wisconsin Children, Incomes, and Program Participation Survey (CHIPPS) of 1985." To order a copy of the data and documentation, contact the University of Wisconsin Data and Program Library Service (see cover page for address and telephone number). The data are available in ASCII and SPSS export file formats. A diskette copy of this user's guide, Appendices E and F, and a list of variable labels are available. Copies of Appendices A, B, C, and D are available in hard copy only. To order a copy of the following related publications, please contact the Institute for Research on Poverty (see cover page for address and telephone number). Corbett, Thomas. 1986. "Introduction to CHIPPS: The 1985 Wisconsin Survey of Children, Incomes, and Program Participation." Unpublished Manuscript, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison, February. Corbett, Thomas, Irwin Garfinkel, and Nora Cate Schaeffer. 1988. "Public Opinion about A Child Support Assurance System." Social Service Review, (62)(4)(Dec.): 632-48. Also published as Institute for Research on Poverty, Reprint No. 594 and Discussion Paper No. 834-87, University of Wisconsin-Madison. MacDonald, Maurice. 1986. "Objectives, Procedures, and Sampling Results for CHIPPS (The 1985 Wisconsin Survey of Children, Incomes, and Program Participation)." Unpublished Manuscript, Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison, February. MacDonald, Maurice. 1986. "Economic and Demographic Characteristics of Custodial and Absent Parents in Wisconsin: Results from the Wisconsin Survey of Children, Incomes, and Program Participation (CHIPPS)." Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion Paper, No. 809-86, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Seltzer, Judith A., Nora Cate Schaeffer, and Hong-Wen Charng. 1989. "Family Ties after Divorce: The Relationship between Visiting and Paying Child Support." Journal of Marriage and the Family 51:1013-31. Also published as Institute for Research on Poverty, Reprint No. 613, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Schaeffer, Nora Cate. 1989. "The Frequency and Intensity of Parental Conflict: Choosing Response Dimensions." Journal of Marriage and Family 51: 759-66. Schaeffer, Nora Cate. 1990. "Principles of Justice in Judgments about Child Support." Social Forces 69: 157-79. Also published as Institute for Research on Poverty, Reprint No. 633 and Discussion Paper No. 852-87, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Schaeffer, Nora Cate and Hong-Wen Charng. 1991. "Two Experiments in Simplifying Response Categories: Intensity Ratings and Behavioral Frequencies." Sociological Perspectives (34): 165-82. 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