ISSP 85 - Preface - Role of Government I - ZA No. 1490









     Acknowledgement of Assistance

     -----------------------------





     All manuscripts utilizing data made available through the

     Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung should

     acknowledge that fact as well as identify the original

     collectors of the data. We kindly ask all users to follow

     some adaption of the following statement:





        The data utilized in this (publication) were made avai-



        lable by the Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung.



        The data for the 'ISSP' were collected by independent



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        collectors of the data nor the ZA bear any responsibility



        for the analyses or interpretation presented here.





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     Introduction

     ------------





     Designing the 1985 'Role of Government' module





     Planning for the module began in London, June 11-13, 1984.

     The four nations and organizations then represented

     (Australia ANU, Britain SCPR, Germany ZUMA, and the United

     States NORC) agreed on the basic design: self-administered

     questionnaires, equivalent in length to a 15 minute personal

     interview, focused on a single theme each year, eventually

     repeated to assess trends.

     The planning group agreed on three criteria for topics,

     with priority to be given to dependent variables that

     1) reflect fundamental themes in the social sciences,

     2) are likely to be correlated with social structures within

        a post industrial society, and

     3) are likely to vary across countries and times.





     'The Role of Government' was chosen for the first module.

     The broad aim was to assess citizens' opinions on the

     functions of their national governments - what governments

     should and should not be doing. Topics were selected towards

     which the left traditionally advocated government action

     (e.g. business regulation), towards which the right backed

     government action (e.g. union regulation), and for which no

     left/ right positions were generally fixed (e.g. smoking bans)

     Politics in the sense of competing parties, social groups or

     political leaders was to be deemphasized.





     The London planners divided the topic into four areas:



          1)  Civil liberties (measures against extremism,

              invasion of privacy, power of police, freedom of

              publication, etc.)



          2)  Government and the family (control of school

              curricula, family planning, divorce, looking after

              the elderly, housing, welfare provision, etc.)



          3)  Government and Social Inequality (government's role

              in creating and correcting inequalities of race,

              sex, class, income, and education, equality of

              opportunity, perceptions of location of power

              within society.)



          4)  Economic intervention (import controls, measures

              to prevent unemployment and inflation, intervention

              in industrial disputes, consumer protection,

              government ownership of industry, etc.)

















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     During the summer of 1984, each national group was responsible

     for drafting possible items in one of the four areas (Civil

     liberties - SCPR, Family - ZUMA, Inequality - ANU, and

     Economics - NORC). In addition ZUMA agreed to develop items

     on political efficacy and alienation and ANU to develop items

     on "background variables".





     Representatives from the four nations reconvened in Chicago

     on September 4-6. Present were:

     Roger Jowell (SCPR), Jonathan Kelley (ANU), James Davis,

     Tom W. Smith, and Peter Rossi (NORC), Manfred Kuechler,

     Max Haller, and Hans Juergen Hippler (ZUMA).





     Intensive item by item discussions in Chicago resulted in

     a pretest instrument (in British English). Subsequent pretest

     results from each nation were negotiated by mail and telephone

     and a final instrument was completed by January, 1985.





     SCPR, NORC and ZUMA completed field work on their modules

     in 1985. In addition, the modules were fielded in Italy

     (Eurisco) and in Austria (Graz University) in 1986.











                                            James A. Davis

                                            NORC

                                            August 1987































































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     The International Social Survey Program

     ---------------------------------------





     The International Social Survey Program (ISSP) is a

     continuing, annual program of cross national collaboration.

     It brings together pre-existing national, social science

     projects and coordinates research goals by adding a cross

     national perspective to the individual, national studies.





     ISSP grew out of a bilateral collaboration between the

     Allgemeinen Bevoelkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften

     (ALLBUS) of the Zentrum fuer Umfragen, Methoden, und

     Analysen (ZUMA) in Mannheim, West Germany and the General

     Social Survey (GSS) of the National Opinion Research

     Center (NORC), University of Chicago.

     Both the ALLBUS and the GSS are replicating, time series

     studies. The ALLBUS has been conducted biennially since

     1980 and the GSS annually (except for 1979 and 1981) since

     1972. In 1982 ZUMA and NORC devoted a small segment of

     questions on job values, important areas of life, abortion,

     and feminism. Again in 1984 collaboration was carried out,

     this time on class differences, equality, and the welfare

     state.





     Meanwhile, in late 1983 Social and Community Planning Research

     (SCPR), London, which was starting a social indicators series

     (the British Social Attitudes Survey) similar to the GSS and

     ALLBUS, secured funds from the Nuffield Foundation to sponsor

     meetings to further international cooperation. A meeting was

     held in London in June, 1984 with representatives from ZUMA,

     NORC, SCPR, and the Research School of Social Sciences,

     Australian National University. This group, soon to be

     christened the ISSP, agreed to 1) jointly develop topical

     modules dealing with important areas of social science,

     2) this module would be a 15 minute supplement to the regular

     national surveys (or as a special survey if necessary),

     3) include an extensive common core of background variables,

     and 4) to make the data available to the social science

     community as soon as possible. Each nation funds its own

     data collection and bears any costs that it incurred through

     participation in the cooperative effort.



     Since its initial meeting in 1984, ISSP has grown to include

     nine nations, the original four - Germany, the United States,

     Great Britain, and Australia, plus Austria, Italy, Ireland,

     the Netherlands, and Hungary. Other countries are currently

     applying for membership.

























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     Table 1   Status of the ISSP module '85





     Organization       Country             Role of government

     ---------------------------------------------------------



     ANU                Australia               done 86

     IS                 Austria                 done 86

     ZUMA               Germany                 done 85

     EURISKO            Italy                   done 85

     TARKI              Hungary                    -

     SSRC               Ireland                    -

     SCP                Netherlands                -

     SCPR               United Kingdom          done 85

     NORC               United States           done 85





     ISSP's first theme was the role of government. This covered

     attitudes towards civil liberties, and law enforcement,

     education and parenting the economy, and welfare and social

     equality.

     The second theme was social networks and support systems.

     This consisted of a detailed account of one's contact with

     various relatives and friends and then a series of questions

     about where one would turn to for help when faced with various

     situations such as financial need, minor illness, career

     advice, and emotional distress. The third module, on social

     equality, is now being developed. Questions focus on equality

     of income, wealth, and opportunity. Respondents are asked for

     their perceptions of the extent of present inequality, expla-

     nations for inequality, and support for government programs to

     reduce inequality. The fourth module (1988) will deal with

     working women and the family, and fifth (1989) with work and

     leisure.

     In 1990 ISSP will repeat the role of government theme.

     By replicating substantial parts of earlier modules, ISSP

     will not only have a cross national but also a time

     perspective. We will be able to compare nations and test

     whether similar social science models are valid for different

     societies. We will also be able to see if there are similar

     international trends and whether equivalent models of social

     change hold for different nations.



     ISSP brings several new features to the area of cross national

     research. The collaboration among nations is not sporadic or

     intermittent but routine and continual. Although the inter-

     national collaboration carried out by ISSP is more circum-

     scribed than special cross national research projects, ISSP

     makes cross national research a basic part of the nation's

     research agenda.



     For further details contact the ISSP secretariat:





                                         Roger Jowell

                                         SCPR















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     Study description

     -----------------



      To differentiate countries in the crosstabulations within this

      codebook we have decided to use the International automobile

      identification codes:





           AUS  -  Australia

           D    -  West Germany

           GB   -  Great Britain

           USA  -  United States

           A    -  Austria

           I    -  Italy







     Australia - AUS

     ---------------





     The Australian ISSP Role of Government module was part of the

     second round of the Australian National Social Science Survey

     (NSSS), conducted in 1986.

     The NSSS (directed by Jonathan Kelley) is funded by the

     Research School of Social Sciences, Institute of Advanced

     Studies, the Australian National University.







     The Sample, data collection



     The data were collected by way of a self-completion, mail

     survey of Australian citizens aged eighteen and over, and

     competent in the English language.

     The sample was drawn at random from the national electoral

     rolls; enrolement is compulsory and coverage of the

     population thus nearly complete.



     Procedures to minimize losses: ten days after the initial

     mail-out, all potential respondents were sent a thank/you

     reminder letter; non-respondents were contacted a further

     four times (twice with a new questionnaire and twice by

     letter alone), for a total of six contacts. Respondents were

     given a telephone number to call toll-free if they had any

     queries or problems. The survey was in the field from

     November 1986 to July 1987, with the large majority of

     responses (over three-quarters) being received before the

     end of 1986.





























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     The response rate was 61 per cent. Details are as follows:







     Adresses drawn                          3819

     Adresses in scope                       2509



     Valid completions                       1528



     Losses:

        Refusals                              380

        No reply after 6 mail-outs            601



     Completion rate (valid/in scope)         61%





     Addresses out of scope include 720 'return to sender',

     235 returned with no further information, and 37.1 per cent

     of those not responding in any way after all six mail-outs.

     The estimate of 37.1 per cent out-of-scope addresses among

     those not responding is based on a study of 245 randomly

     chosen non-responding addresses in the state of New South

     Wales.

     No adjustment is made for the estimated 60 cases out of scope

     due to lack of English.













































































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     Germany - D

     -----------





     Sample size



            Issued    2704

            Achieved  1048





     Sample type



     We used a two-stage stratified random sample.

     The first step consisted in the selection of communities,

     The second of addresses of Germans having reached at least

     18 years of age.





     Response rate



     Issued                                         2704

     ______________________________________________________________



     Changed residence, new residence unknown        118  =   4.4%

     Not able to fill out the questionnaire/

     ill/ died                                        73  =   2.7%

                                                     191

                                                    2513  = 100.0%

     Refused to fill out the questionnaire

     (by mail or by a telephone call)                105  =   4.2%

     Refused to accept the questionnaire/

     sent it back empty                              199  =   7.9%

     Not usable                                        9  =    .4%

     No answer                                      1152  =  45.8%

     ______________________________________________________________



     Realized                                       1048  =  41.7%





     Properties of the sample: We didn't manage to get addresses

     from all the communities in the sample.





     Weighting: No





     Fieldwork dates: May 14, to August 30, 1985 (last

     questionnaire arrived)





     Fieldwork methods: Mail survey





     Context: ISSP only





     Deviation from standard ISSP question wording: No













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     Language: German





     Source for further details:



     Hippler, H.J.: Methodenforschung im Rahmen des

     International Social Survey Project (ISSP) 1985.

     ZUMA-Nachrichten, No.19, November 1986, P.64-P.75.















































































































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     Great Britain - GB

     ------------------





     The questions for the ISSP '85 are part of the British Social

     Attitudes. This is the third in an annual series of surveys

     started by SCPR in 1983 and core-funded by the Monument

     Trust until at least 1987. It is similar to the General Social

     Survey carried out by NORC in the United States. The data

     derive from annual cross-sectional surveys with a repre-

     sentative sample of adults aged 18 or over living in private

     households in Britain.

     This section of the survey (a self-completion questionnaire)

     is funded by the Nuffield Foundation.

     The Nuffield Foundation funded SCPR to convene a series of

     meetings to confer with the counterparts in the USA (NORC),

     the Federal Republic of Germany (ZUMA), and Australia (ANU)

     to device a module of identical questions to be quarried

     in all four countries.

     The first such module, on attitudes to government intervention

     and the role of government, is part of the 1985 dataset, and

     direct international comparisons on this topic will now be

     possible.



        Source: British Social Attitudes, 1985 Survey;

        Technical Report: Sharon Wiherspoon; SCPR (Social and

        Community Planning Research)

        British Social Attitudes: The 1986 Report:

        Ed. Roger Jowell, Sharon Wiherspoon & Lindsay Brook, SCPR,

        1986, Aldershot)





     The Sample



     The sample covers England, Wales and all but the highlands and

     islands of Scotland.

     It consists of approximately 2500 addresses drawn from the

     Electoral registers, distributed equally in 114 sampling

     points. Sampling points are generally Polling Districts.

     At each address, you are asked, to try to interview one

     randomly selected adult.

     The survey was designed to achieve 1804 interviews with a

     representative sample of adults aged 18 or over living in

     private households in Britain.

     The sampling method involved a multi-stage design, with four

     separate stages of selection: selection of parliamentary

     constituencies (the stratification factors used in this survey

     were: 1. Registrar General's Standard Regions and 2.

     Population density: persons per hectar: over 10, 5 - 10 ,

     under 10, 3. A ranking by percentage of homes that were

     owner-occupied), selection of polling destricts, selection

     of addresses and selection of individuals.























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     Weighting



     The data were weighted to take account of any differences

     between the number of people listed on the register and

     those found at the address. Such differences occured in

     approximately 20% of cases, in each of which the data

     were weighted by the number of persons aged 18 or over

     living at the household, divided by the number of electors

     listed on the register for that address.



     The vast majority of such weights fall within a range between

     0.25 and 2.0; in only seven cases were weights greater than

     2.0 applied, ranging 3.0 to 8.0. In about 80% of cases, the

     number of persons listed on the register and those found at

     the address matched, so the effective weight was one.

     The data must be weighted before analysis.





     Data collection and response



     The ISSP survey program module is based on a self-completion

     questionnaire carried out during the months of April and May

     1985. Where necessary, two postal reminders were sent to

     obtain the supplement, and self-completion questionnaires were

     accepted until mid-July when the data was being edited.





     The response achieved is shown below:

     -------------------------------------



                                             No.        %



     Addresses issued                       2508

     Vacant, derelict, out of scope           58

     In scope                               2450       100

     Interview achieved                     1804        74

     Interview not achieved                  646        26



             Refused                         472        19

             Non-contact                     118         5

             Other non-response               56         2





     1804 interviews were achieved (73.6% from 2.450 addresses

     total in scope). 1530 (62.4%) self-completion questionnaires

     are sent back.

     In 274 instances (15% of the achieved sample) the self-

     completion questionnaire was not returned by the respondent,

     and is therefore absent from the dataset. In order to allow

     comparisons over time, the answers have been re-precentaged

     on the base of those respondents who returned a self-

     completion questionnaire (unweighted 1.530, weighted 1.502).



     Since the overall proportion returning a self-completion

     questionnaire was still fairly high (85%), it was felt that

     these non-response biases did not warrant corrective weighting

     of the self-completion questionnaire. Those not returning

     a self-completion questionnaire are not transferred to the

     ISSP dataset.









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     United States - USA

     -------------------





     The ISSP data are part of the General Social Surveys (GSS)

     carried out by the National Opinion Research Center,

     University of Chicago (NORC). Prinicpal investigator is

     James A. Davis, Senior Study Director and Co-Principal

     Investigator Tom W. Smith. The GSS data are collected in a

     cumulative Codebook produced by NORC and distributed by

     the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University

     of Connecticut.

     The project was supported by the National Science Foundation.



        Source: General Social Surveys, 1972-1986:

        Cumulative Codebook, July 1986

        Conducted for the National Data Program for the Social

        Sciences at the National Opinion Research Center,

        University of Chicago;

        Data Distributed by the Roper Center for Public Opinion

        Research, University of Connecticut, ED., NORC





     The Sample





     The sample includes independently drawn English-speaking

     persons 18 years aged or over, living in non-institutional

     arrangements within the United States. 1985 a form of

     systematic full probability sampling was applied.



     The Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) employed are Standard

     Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) or non-metropolitan

     counties selected in NORC's Master Sample. These SMSAs and

     counties were stratified by region, age, and race for

     selection. The units of selection of the second stage were

     block groups (BGs) and enumeration districts (EDs).

     These EDs and BGs were stratified according to race and

     income before selection.

     The third stage of selection was that of blocks. The blocks

     were selected with probabilities proportional to size. In

     places without block statistics, measures of size for the

     blocks were obtained by field counting.









































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     Weighting



     Summary from: Problems in Form Randomization on the

                   General Social Surveys

                   by Tom Smith and Bruce L. Petersen

                   GSS Technical Report No. 53, April, 1986



     An unintended overlap between the respondent selection and

     form assignment procedures in the surveys from 1978 to 1985

     created an association between form and age order within

     certain households. This led to an association between form

     and various variables linked to age order such as age, sex,

     labour force status, and respondent's income. A weight was

     developed to compensate for the assignment bias and achieve

     the random distribution of affected variables across forms.

     An analysis of form-related questions by comparing weighted

     and unweighted distributions and response effects and by

     comparing affected and uneffected surveys suggests that the

     distortions were generally minor and that methodological

     conclusions drawn are unaffected by the incomplete

     randomization.

     Users should however be cautious about using the form

     related variables and should use the form adjustment

     weight to help compensate for the biased assignment of form.



     Problems with form randomization procedures on the 1985 survey

     necessitate the use of the weighting variable to adjust for

     incomplete randomization. In general one should use the weight

     variable whenever analyzing form-related variables.

     The ISSP supplement was administered to Form 1 cases in 1985

     and as such must be weighted. In addition because this was a

     self-administered supplement completed after the main

     GSS questionnaire there is 10% non-response.

     The survey contains 1534 completed cases. 677 cases carried

     out the ISSP.





     Response rates





     The ISSP supplement which aimed for completion immediately

     after main questionnaire suceeded in having most people

     complete the supplement at the same sitting and in

     maintaining high response rate. (90%)

     The 10% loss was exactly the level predicted by the project

     before the fieldwork. The overall response rate when survey

     nonresponse (21.3%) and supplement nonresponse (10%)

     are considered together is still a respectable 71%.



     Source: Attrition and Bias on the International Social

             Survey Program (ISSP);

             Tom Smith

             GSS Technical Report No. 66, February 1986





















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     Austria - A

     -----------





     The ISSP-questions are part of the 'Sozialer Survey Oester-

     reich' (SSOe), a representative sample of 2000 Austrian

     people.

     This social survey 1986 is the first inquiry of a periodical

     and international comparative research project.

     It should be in future regularly replicable and should

     enter into established international studies, the GSS (NORC),

     the ALLBUS (ZUMA/ ZA), the British Social Attitudes Survey

     (SCPR). In collaboration with these international institutions

     the ISSP was founded to carry out over many years various

     small inquiries with changing topics.

     The 'Soziale Survey Oesterreich '86' contains two of these

     international additional topics: 'Role of Government'

     and 'Social Networks and Support Systems'.

     The whole sample is divided in two sub-samples, which

     contain at times the some one or other questionnaire.         .



     The following group of investigators are concerned as

     proposers with the project 'Sozialer Survey Oesterreich':

     Prof. Dr. Max Haller (Universitaet Graz)

     Prof. Dr. Kurt Holm  (Universitaet Wien)

     Doz.  Dr. Gerd Schienstock (Institut fuer Hoehere Studien,

                                Wien)

     Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulz (Universitaet Wien)



     This project was supported in part by promotion-funds from the

     Science Research Foundation, by jubilee-fund from

     the Austrian national-bank, by grants from the government

     ministry for science and research and from the

     government Steiermark.





     Fieldwork, data collection





     The field work was carried out by the institutes:

     IFES - Institut fuer empirische Sozialforschung und

     Dr. Fessel + GFK - Institut fuer Marktforschung (Wien).



     The system-file was prepared by the section 'Mathematische

     Methoden und Computerverfahren', Institut fuer Hoehere

     Studien, Wien (Dr. Peter Mitter, Dr. Helmut Zolles).

     The questionnaires are been tested and controlled by the

     field-institutes named above; the interpretations of the

     data is carried out according to usual methods and

     procedures.



     Source: Sozialer Survey Oesterreich,

             Codebuch mit Methodenbericht, Variablenliste,

             Linearauszaehlung, Frageboegen, Listen

             2. erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage, 1987

















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     The Sample



     The sample is a multi-stage stratified random sample.

     The sample-points (564) with the households were selected

     by the parameters 'Bundesland' and 'size of the region'.

     Within the selected household the interviewer decided

     on the basis of present persons aged more than 16

     years and on the basis of the casual numbers described

     to the address, which person was to be interviewed.





     Response rates (related to both surveys 1985 and 1986):

     -------------------------------------------------------



                                          N             %



     Interviews issued                  2820         100.0%

     _______________________________________________________



     Non-response

     (changed residence, new

     residence unknown ...)               57           2.0%



     Adjusted sample                    2763         100.0%

     Refusals                            327          11.8%

     Person not met                      312          11.3%

     Person not able to answer            62           2.2%

     Interview incorrect                  46           1.7%

                                                      73.0%

     _______________________________________________________



     Realized interviews                2016

                                         987 - 1985

                                        1027 - 1986



     Planned sample                     2000

                                        1000 - 1985

                                        1000 - 1986

     _______________________________________________________





     Fieldwork methods



     Face to face interviews; the two self-administered

     questionnaires were applied to each half of the sample

     (1985, 1986) by a pre-determined rotation procedure.





     Fieldwork dates: May 2, to June, 30, 1986



     Weighting: based on a sample of 2000 persons (1000 per each

     survey 1985, 1986).



     Context: ISSP 1985 and 1986 together with the 'SSOe 1986'.



     Language: German















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     Italy - I

     ---------





     The ISSP survey is part of the 'Indagine Sociale Italiana'

     (ISI).

     The survey contains two questionnaires. The first is a

     national performed and carried out by the EURISCO institut.

     The second is an international questionnaire, part of the

     ISSP programm and prepared from a group of countries named

     above.



     The survey is a representative sample of Italian persons

     aged between 18 and 74 years and living in Italian regions

     in the second half-year 1985.

     The sample is founded on estimations of the results of the

     last Census (Oct. 81) and of birth and death-rates.

     The data are collected by means of direct interviews on a

     sample of 1500 units.

     The structure of the sample is been realized in correspondence

     with the entity related to geographical parameters,

     demographical size of the cities, sex and age represented

     according to probability.





     Sample type





     In order to make the data valid and comparable, national

     multi-stage probability sample was used.

     Small geographical areas or administrative units were

     selected at random from all such areas or administrative

     units. This first stage yields a probalility sample of

     'primary sampling units' (PSUs). Sampling in this stage

     was stratified by using available census and other

     official statistical data as described above.

     The procedure ensures that the selected PSUs are indeed

     a representative selection of all possible PSUs.

     With a probability proportional to the demographical size

     94 communities were selected.

     Within each of these sample points (PSUs) a prespecified

     number of households (or dwelling units) were selected at

     random. In each household the interviewers listed all

     members of age 18 and above in a prespecified order by sex

     and age. Selection tables were attached to the face sheet

     of each interview schedule. These tables tell interviewers

     which person is to be interviewed from the listing.

     The sampling procedure yields representative probability

     samples of the total population in the same age categories.





























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     Fieldwork methods





     The international questionnaire is either applied direct

     from the interviewer or is self-completed from the interviewed

     person.

     The field work of the survey is carried out by the EURISCO

     institut during the months of September and October 1985.

     Cases of refusal were rare. Control was rigid, the incorrect

     reports are been substituted by reserve interviews.



     Source: 'Indagine Sociale Italiana' (ISI)

              EURISCO

              Ricerca Sociale e di Marketing

              Milano, Via Monte Rosa 15





     Weighting





     The survey is oversampled (100 cases to 1600 units)

     to control and to weight the inquiry.

     The weighting concerns the distribution of the units

     according geographical division, demographical size of

     the communities, occupation, sex and age.

     It is necessary to bring in mind, that the distributions

     according the parameters named above are not casual

     but a criterion of the sample, which is intended by

     construction.





     Language: Italian































































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1490          I S S P  1985  -  Role of Government I      Page  22

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     Codebook Information

     --------------------





     The example below is a reproduction of information appearing

     in the machine readable codebook. The numbers in angular

     brackets < > do not appear in the codebook, but are references

     to the descriptions which follow the example.





     Example



     <1>           <2>                     <1>

     V8   - protest publications -      REF NO.0008

     <3>                 <4>            <5>

     Position    18      MD1:9

     Width        1      MD2:8          Dec.places:..



     <6>

     Q.3B  Forms of protest:

     Publishing pamphlets to protest against the government

     ______________________________________________________



     <7>

     



        <8>       <9>

         1. Definitely allowed

         2. Probably allowed

         3. Probably not allowed

         4. Definitely not allowed



         8. Can't choose

         9. NA



      <10>

              AUS     D      GB    USA     A      I

            I------I------I------I------I------I------I

         1  I   824I   337I   832I   259I   241I   752I

         %  I  57.3I  33.8I  57.6I  41.6I  27.4I  49.8I

            I------I------I------I------I------I------I

         2  I   434I   393I   405I   163I   351I   463I

         %  I  30.2I  39.5I  28.0I  26.2I  40.0I  30.7I

            I------I------I------I------I------I------I

         3  I   111I   180I   102I   104I   192I   176I

         %  I   7.7I  18.1I   7.1I  16.7I  21.9I  11.7I

            I------I------I------I------I------I------I

         4  I    69I    86I   105I    96I    94I   118I

         %  I   4.8I   8.6I   7.3I  15.4I  10.7I   7.8I

            I------I------I------I------I------I------I

         8  I      I   33MI   52MI   30MI   98MI   71MI

            I      I      I      I      I      I      I

            I------I------I------I------I------I------I

         9  I   90MI   19MI   34MI   25MI   11MI      I

            I      I      I      I      I      I      I

            I------I------I------I------I------I------I

        Sum   1528   1048   1530   677    987    1580













             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1490          I S S P  1985  -  Role of Government I      Page  23

--------------------------------------------------------------------------



     Explanation

     -----------





     <1>  Indicate the variable number and reference number.

          A variable number and a reference number have been

          assigned to each item in the study. In the present

          codebook which documents the archived data set, these

          numbers are identical. Should the data set be sub-

          setted or rearranged the variable numbers might

          change to reflect the order of the new data set while

          the reference numbers would remain unchanged to

          provide a link to the archived data set.

     <2>  Indicates the abbreviated (24 character maximum)

          variable label used within OSIRIS or SPSS system files.

     <3>  "Location" indicates the starting location of the

          variable when the dataset is stored in the OSIRIS format.

          "Width" describes the number of positions of the

          variable.

     <4>  MD1 and MD2 indicate the designation of missing

          data. MD1 indicates an explicit defined single value.

          MD2 defines a range of values. All values which are

          greater than or equal to the declared number, are

          within this range of missing values.

          Although these categories are defined as missing data

          categories, this does not mean that the user should not

          or cannot use these codes if so desired.

     <5>  If a variable contains implied decimals, the message

          "Dec.places: xx" appears here, where xx is the number

          of decimal places.

     <6>  Indicates the full question text taken from the British

          questionnaire. Wherever possible the original sequence

          of questions has been retained, although some changes

          were necessary to integrate the different national

          questionnaires.

     <7>  Indicates commentaries and explanations added during

          the processing of the study. < > within question or

          answer texts also indicate whether the questionnaire

          in a particular country deviated from the general

          format.

     <8>  Indicates the code values for the single answer

          categories.

     <9>  Indicates the textual definition of the codes.

          Abbreviations commonly used are DK (don't know),

          NA (no answer), Can't choose, not applicable and

          not available.

     <10> Indicates percentaged frequencies by country. This form

          is used whenever code categories have the same meaning

          for all countries. Column percentages are based only on

          "valid cases". Missing data values were excluded from

          percentages.

























             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln