ISSP 86 - Preface - Social Networks - ZA No. 1620









     Acknowledgement of Assistance

     -----------------------------





     All manuscripts utilizing data made available through the

     ZENTRALARCHIV FUER EMPIRISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG should

     acknowledge that fact as well as identify the original

     collectors of the data. We kindly ask all users to follow

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        lable by the ZENTRALARCHIV FUER EMPIRISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG.



        The data for the 'ISSP' were collected by independent



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        presented here.





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     Introduction

     ============





     The International Social Survey Programme

     -----------------------------------------





     The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a

     continuing, annual programme of cross national collaboration.

     It brings together pre-existing national, social science

     projects and coordinates research goals by adding a cross

     national perspective to the individual, national studies.



     ISSP grew out of a bilateral collaboration between the

     Allgemeinen Bevoelkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften

     (ALLBUS) of the Zentrum fuer Umfragen, Methoden, und

     Analysen (ZUMA) in Mannheim, West Germany and the General

     Social Survey (GSS) of the National Opinion Research

     Center (NORC), University of Chicago.

     Both the ALLBUS and the GSS are replicating, time series

     studies. The ALLBUS has been conducted biennially since

     1980 and the GSS annually (except for 1979 and 1981) since

     1972. In 1982 ZUMA and NORC devoted a small segment of

     questions on job values, important areas of life, abortion,

     and feminism. Again in 1984 collaboration was carried out,

     this time on class differences, equality, and the welfare

     state.



     Meanwhile, in late 1983 Social and Community Planning Research

     (SCPR), London, which was starting a social indicators series

     (the British Social Attitudes Survey) similar to the GSS and

     ALLBUS, secured funds from the Nuffield Foundation to sponsor

     meetings to further international cooperation. A meeting was

     held in London in June, 1984 with representatives from ZUMA,

     NORC, SCPR, and the Research School of Social Sciences,

     Australian National University. This group, soon to be

     christened the ISSP, agreed to 1) jointly develop topical

     modules dealing with important areas of social science,

     2) this module would be a 15 minute supplement to the regular

     national surveys (or as a special survey if necessary),

     3) include an extensive common core of background variables,

     and 4) to make the data available to the social science

     community as soon as possible. Each nation funds its own

     data collection and bears any costs that it incurred through

     participation in the cooperative effort.



     Since its initial meeting in 1984, ISSP has grown to include

     nine nations, the original four - Germany, the United States,

     Great Britain, and Australia, plus Austria, Italy, Ireland,

     the Netherlands, and Hungary. Other countries are currently

     applying for membership. (Israel, Norway)





















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     ISSP's first theme was the role of government. This covered

     attitudes towards civil liberties, and law enforcement,

     education and parenting the economy, and welfare and social

     equality.

     The second theme was social networks and support systems.

     This consisted of a detailed account of one's contact

     with various relatives and friends and then a series of

     questions about where one would turn to for help when

     faced with various situations such as financial need,

     minor illness, career advice, and emotional distress.

     The third module, on social equality, is now being developed.

     Questions focus on equality of income, wealth, and

     opportunity. Respondents are asked for their perceptions of

     the extent of present inequality, explanations for inequality,

     and support for government programs to reduce inequality.

     The fourth module (1988) will deal with working women and

     the family, and fifth (1989) with work and leisure.



     In 1990 ISSP will repeat the role of government theme.

     By replicating substantial parts of earlier modules, ISSP

     will not only have a cross national but also a time

     perspective. We will be able to compare nations and test

     whether similar social science models are valid for different

     societies. We will also be able to see if there are similar

     international trends and whether equivalent models of social

     change hold for different nations.



     ISSP brings several new features to the area of cross national

     research. The collaboration among nations is not sporadic or

     intermittent but routine and continual. Although the inter-

     national collaboration carried out by ISSP is more circum-

     scribed than special cross national research projects, ISSP

     makes cross national research a basic part of the nation's

     research agenda.















     Excerpt from:

     Tom Smith (NORC)

     in: NSSD (Ed.), EPD Newsletter, No. 63, Bergen, June 1987







































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     Study description

     =================





     To differentiate countries in the crosstabulations

     within this codebook we have decided to distinguish according

     to the international automobile identification code:





           AUS -  Australia

           D   -  Federal Republic of Germany

           GB  -  Great Britain

           USA -  United States

           A   -  Austria

           H   -  Hungary

           I   -  Italy









     Australia - AUS

     ---------------





     The ISSP Survey is carried out in Australia as part of

     the National Social Science Survey (NSSS) conducted by

     the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian

     National University. The NSSS is directed by

     Dr. Jonathan Kelley with the assistance of Dr. Clive Bean.

     The Social Science Data Archive of the Research School of

     Social Science, Australian National University distributes

     the codebooks and data sets from the NSSS. This edition

     of the ISSP was conducted as a part of the NSSS's 1987

     election panel. Funders for the original study and the

     1987 panel include the Research School of Social Sciences

     of the Australian National University, the Australian

     Research Grants Scheme, and the Australian International

     Development Assistance Bureau.



     Project team for the NSSS 1987:



             Dr. Jonathan Kelley

             Dr. Clive Bean

             Dr. Mariah Evans

             Dr. Phil Anderson

             Ms. Caroline Coombes



































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     Sample

     ------



     Respondents were first contacted in 1984-1985 in the first

     round of the NSSS. The sample is representative of

     English-speaking Australians aged 18 and older, in all

     states and territories. Urban respondents, selected by an

     area probability sample, were interviewed face-to-face.

     The most rural quarter of the population was contacted by

     mail, using addresses drawn randomly from the electoral

     register.

     The overall completion rate was 59 per cent, and cross checks

     against the Census on objective measures such as the

     educational distribution indicate that the sample is

     representative of the population as a whole (except for

     immigrants who do not speak English). In 1987, the original

     respondents were contacted again, this time by mail. All

     respondents whose address was known and who had not

     indicated that they were opposed to being contacted again

     were approached; they comprised over 80 per cent of the

     original sample. The survey was conducted from June through

     to September (in the Australian winter), with the bulk of the

     responses arriving in July, around the time of the election.

     The completion rate was just over 60%, yielding 1250

     respondents for this ISSP module. Cross checks with other

     data sources indicate that the sample is representative

     of the population, save for a slight over-representation

     of Labor voters. In addition to the ISSP module, the NSSS

     1987 Election Panel also includes other items on social

     support networks. These include items on the availability

     of help from persons other than respondent's first or

     second choice as helpers; satisfaction with help available;

     and respondent's perception of which family members and

     friends would ask respondent for help (aid with money

     and comfort when down or depressed). These data are

     available upon request from the NSSS (contact Dr. Clive

     Bean, Department of Sociology, Research School of Social

     Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601,

     Australia).

     Further details on the sample and procedures are in:







         Kelley, J., R.G. Cushing, and B. Headey (1987)

         The Australian National Social Science Survey, 1984-1985

         Social Science Data Archive, Research School of Social

         Sciences, Australian National University.



         Kelley, J. and Clive Bean (1988)

         The Australian National Social Science Survey, 1987

         Election Panel, Department of Sociology,

         Research School of Social Sciences,

         Australian National University.





















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     Federal Republic of Germany - D

     -------------------------------



     The ISSP '86 as part of the ALLBUS '86 is carried out

     as self-administered questionnaire (drop off).

     The sample includes a representative population of

     German persons living in FRG and West-Berlin in private

     households, aged 18 years and more.





     Sample type

     -----------



     A three-stage stratified random sample is used (ADM-Master-

     Sample) to select a representative cross-section of the

     population.

     The first stage consisted in the selection of sample-points,

     the second in the selection of private households by the

     random-route method.

     At the third stage the interviewer had to select a German of

     at least 18 years of age.



     Response rates: ALLBUS 1986

     ---------------------------

                                                     N        %



     Issued                                       5.512    100.0



     Unsystematic non-responses                     237      4.3

     ____________________________________________________________



     Adjusted sample                              5.275    100.0



      - No person in household                      465      8.8

      - No person met                               180      3.4

      - Not able to fill out the questionnaire      173      3.3

      - Refused to fill out the questionnaire,

        Refused to accept the questionnaire       1.358     25.7

      - Other reasons                                -        -

     ____________________________________________________________



     Systematic non-responses                     2.176     41.3

     ____________________________________________________________



     Interviews carried out                       3.099     58.7

     ____________________________________________________________



     Incorrect interviews                             4      0.1

     ____________________________________________________________



     Realized interviews                          3.095     58.6

                                                     =     100.0

     ____________________________________________________________



     Realized self-administered questionnaires    2.809     90.8







     Weighting        : Yes (ZUMA-weighting)

     ---------







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     Fieldwork dates  : March 20, to May 15, 1986

     ---------------





     Fieldwork methods: Self-administered questionnaire

     -----------------  part-time without interviewer





     Context          : ALLBUS 1986

     -------





     Language         : German

     --------





     Source for further details:

     --------------------------



     Erbsloeh, B., Wiedenbeck, M.: Methodenbericht: Allgemeine

     Bevoelkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften, ALLBUS 1986.

     ZUMA-Arbeitsbericht No. 1987/04, September 1987.

















































































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     Great Britain - GB

     ------------------





     The questions for the ISSP '86 are part of the British Social

     Attitudes. This is the fourth in an annual series of surveys

     started by SCPR in 1983 and core-funded by the Monument

     Trust until at least 1987. It is similar to the General Social

     Survey carried out by NORC in the United States.

     The data derive from annual cross-sectional surveys with a

     representative sample of adults aged 18 or over living in

     private households in Britain.



     One of the modules in the British Social Attitudes dataset

     allows researchers to make cross-national comparisons. In

     1984, the Nuffield Foundation gave funds to SCPR so that it

     could convene a series of meetings with research organisations

     in other countries carrying out general surveys of social

     attitudes. From these meetings, a group called the

     International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) has evolved.

     Each member undertakes to field annually an agreed

     self-completion questionnaire, and to abide by the ISSP

     working principles. Current members are named above.

     The module for 1986 is 'social support networks'.

     Direct international comparisons on this topic will now be

     possible.



        Source: British Social Attitudes, 1986 Survey;

        Technical Report: Sharon Wiherspoon; SCPR (Social and

        Community Planning Research), December 1987.

        British Social Attitudes: The 1987 Report:

        Ed. Roger Jowell, Sharon Wiherspoon & Lindsay Brook, SCPR,

        1987, Aldershot)







     Fieldwork-methods

     -----------------



     The 1986 survey of BSA had two components. The main one was

     a questionnaire administered by interviewers. The second was

     a short self-completion supplement for respondents to fill

     in after the interview. The supplement was either collected

     by the interviewer or posted by the respondent to one or

     other of SCPR's Field Offices. In the event, it was returned

     completed by all but 12% of respondents.



































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     The Sample

     ----------



     The sample covers England, Wales and all but the highlands and

     islands of Scotland.



     The survey was designed to yield about 3.000 interviews

     with a representative sample of adults aged 18 or over

     living in private households in Great Britain.

     The sample was confined to those living in private households

     whose addresses were included in the Electoral registers.

     Electoral registers are distributed in sampling points.

     Sampling points are generally Polling Districts.

     The sampling involved a multi-stage design, with four

     separate stages of selection:



     I.  Selection of parliamentary constituencies

         (The stratification factors used in this survey were:

         1. Registrar General's Standard Region,

         2. Population density (persons per hectar): over 10,

                                              5 - 10, under 5

         3. A ranking by percentage of homes that were owner-

            occupied)

     II. Selection of polling destricts

     III.Selection of addresses

     IV. Selection of individuals.





     Weighting

     ---------



     The data were weighted to take account of any differences

     between the number of people listed on the register and

     those found at the address. Such differences occured in

     approximately 19% of cases, in each of which the data

     were weighted by the number of persons aged 18 or over

     living at that household, divided by the number of electors

     listed on the register for that address.





     Data collection and response

     ----------------------------



     The ISSP survey program module is based on a self-completion

     questionnaire carried out during the months of April and May

     1986, with approximately 11% of interviews carried out in

     June and July. Where necessary, two postal reminders were

     sent to obtain the supplement, and completed questionnaires

     were accepted until mid-July.





























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     The response achieved is shown below:

     ------------------------------------





     In 1986, two different versions (A and B) of questionnaire

     were used. There were also two versions of the self-

     completion supplement, refelcting the different topics

     covered in the main questionnaire. The 1986 ISSP module,

     containing on family support networks, is in version A.





     Response rates - BSA 1986

     -------------------------



                                               Version A



                                             No.         %



     Addresses issued                       2250

     Total out of scope

       vacant/ derelict                       29



     Total in scope                         2221      100.0

     Interviews achieved                    1552       69.9

     Self completion questionnaire

      collected/ sent to office             1416       63.8

     Interviews not achieved                 669       30.1

     - Refused                               498       22.4

     - Non contact                            94        4.2

     - Other non-response                     77        3.5







     In 363 instances (12% of the achieved sample) the self-

     completion questionnaire was not returned by the respondent,

     and is therefore absent from the dataset.





     Since the overall proportion returning a self-completion

     questionnaire was still fairly high (88%), it was felt that

     these non-response biases did not warrant corrective weighting

     of the self-completion questionnaire. Those not returning

     a self-completion questionnaire are not transferred to the

     ISSP dataset.







































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     United States - USA

     -------------------



     The ISSP data are part of the General Social Surveys (GSS)

     carried out by the National Opinion Research Center,

     University of Chicago (NORC). Prinicpal investigator is

     James A. Davis, Senior Study Director and Co-Principal

     Investigator Tom W. Smith. The GSS data are collected in a

     cumulative Codebook produced by NORC and distributed by

     the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University

     of Connecticut.

     The Project was supported by the National Science Foundation.



        Source: General Social Surveys, 1972-1987:

        Cumulative Codebook, July 1987

        Conducted for the National Data Program for the Social

        Sciences at the National Opinion Research Center,

        University of Chicago;

        Data Distributed by the Roper Center for Public Opinion

        Research, University of Connecticut

        ED., NORC





     The Sample

     ----------



     The sample includes independently drawn English-speaking

     persons 18 years aged or over, living in non-institutional

     arrangements within the United States. 1986 full

     probability sampling was applied. The sample is a multi-

     stage area probability sample.



     The Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) employed are Standard

     Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) or non-metropolitan

     counties selected in NORC's Master Sample. These SMSAs and

     counties were stratified by region, age, and race for

     selection. The units of selection of the second stage were

     block groups (BGs) and enumeration districts (EDs).

     These EDs and BGs were stratified according to race and

     income before selection.

     The third stage of selection was that of blocks. The blocks

     were selected with probabilities proportional to size. In

     places without block statistics, measures of size for the

     blocks were obtained by field counting.







































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     Weighting : No

     ---------



     The self-administered supplement contains 1470 completed

     cases after the main GSS questionnaire.









     Response rates - GSS 1986:

     --------------------------



     Original sample                        2192



     - Out of sample                           0

     - Not a dwelling unit                    73

     - vacant                                176

     - language problem                       49

     - New dwelling unit                      50



     Net sample                             1944

     Completed cases                        1470







     Fieldwork dates          : February - April 1986

     ---------------





     Fieldwork methods        : Self-administered questionnaire

     -----------------





     Context                  : General Social Survey

     -------





     42 of the completed cases (N=1470) did not answer questions

     Q.10 to Q.15 of the ISSP part of the questionnaire.

















































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     Austria - A

     -----------



     The ISSP questions are part of the 'Sozialer Survey Oester-

     reich' (SSOE), a representative sample of 2000 Austrian

     people.

     This social survey 1986 is the first inquiry of a periodical

     and international comparative research project.

     It should be in future regularly replicable and should

     enter into established international studies, the GSS (NORC),

     the ALLBUS (ZUMA/ ZA), the British Social Attitudes Survey

     (SCPR). In collaboration with these international institutions

     the ISSP was founded to carry out over many years various

     small inquiries with each time changed topics.

     The 'SSOE 1986' contains two of these international

     additional topics: 'Role of Government' and 'Social

     Networks and Support Systems'.

     The whole sample is divided in two sub-samples, which

     contain at times the some one or other questionnaire.



     The following group of investigators is concerned

     with the project 'Sozialer Survey Oesterreich':



     Prof. Dr. Max Haller (Universitaet Graz)

     Prof. Dr. Kurt Holm  (Universitaet Wien)

     Doz.  Dr. Gerd Schienstock (Institut fuer Hoehere Studien,

                                Wien)

     Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulz (Universitaet Wien)



     This project was supported in part by promotion-funds from

     the Science Research Foundation, by jubilee-fund from

     the Austrian national-bank, by grants from the government

     ministry for science and research and from the

     government Steiermark.





     Fieldwork, Data collection

     ---------------------------



     The field work was carried out by the institutes:

     IFES - Institut fuer empirische Sozialforschung und

     Dr. Fessel + GFK - Institut fuer Marktforschung (Wien).



     Source: Sozialer Survey Oesterreich,

             Austrian Social Science Survey

             Institut fuer Soziologie der Universitaet Graz

             Mariengasse 24/II, Graz:

             Codebuch mit Methodenbericht, Variablenliste,

             Linearauszaehlung, Frageboegen, Listen

             2. erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage, 1987



























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     The Sample

     ----------



     The sample is a multi-stage stratified random sample.

     The sample-points (564) were selected by the parameters

     'Bundesland' and 'size of the region'.

     Within the selected household the interviewer had to decide

     on the basis of present persons aged more than 16

     years and on the basis of the casual numbers described

     to the address, which person was to be interviewed.









     Response rates (related to both surveys 1985 and 1986):

     --------------



                                          N             %



     Interviews issued                  2820         100.0

     ______________________________________________________



     Non-response

     (changed residence, new

     residence unknown ...)               57           2.0



     Adjusted sample                    2763         100.0

     Refusals                            327          11.8

     Person not met                      312          11.3

     Person not able to answer            62           2.2

     Interview incorrect                  46           1.7

     ______________________________________________________



                                                      73.0

     ______________________________________________________



     Realized interviews                2016

                                         987 - 1985

                                        1027 - 1986



     Planned sample                     2000

                                        1000 - 1985

                                        1000 - 1986

     ______________________________________________________







































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     Fieldwork methods:

     -----------------



     Face-to-face interviews; The two self-administered

     questionnaires were applied to each half of the sample

     (1985,1986) by rotation method.





     Fieldwork dates: May, 2 to June, 30, 1986.

     ---------------





     Weighting      : The weighting is based on a sample of 2000

     ---------        (1000 per each survey 1985, 1986) persons.





     Context        : ISSP 1985 and ISSP 1986 together with

     -------          'SSOE' 1986.





     Language       : German

     --------



















































































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     Hungary - H

     -----------



     In May 1986, TARKI carried out a national representative

     data survey of 6000 persons. The proportinal sample was

     stratified, made in two stages, based on the cluster

     principle, where the first stage of the sampling was

     constituted by the choice of the settlements and the second

     stage was the choice of persons, who were included in the

     sample taken from those settlements. The sample represents

     the population of the country over 18.

     The sample consists of 6000 respondents, precisely of 6

     nationally representative sample parts, each consisting

     of 1000 persons.



     During the supervision of the sample, we compared the

     distribution of the 6000 participants to the result of

     1984 microcensus. We presumed that the distribution

     of our sample and the one experienced during the

     microcensus was identical. This presumption is inaccurate

     from two aspects. On the one hand, the microcensus itself

     was not a full scale census. Thus the difference between

     the sample and the microcensus does not show the deviation

     of our sample from the population, it only tests: it is

     presumable that the microcensus and our sample originate

     from the same population. The other inaccuracy is that the

     survey took place in May 1986, while the theoretical date

     of the microcensus was January 1, 1984. Thus the changes,

     which occured during the two and a half years between the

     two dates "should be deducted" from the divergence between

     the microcensus and our sample. However, there is no

     possibility of this. Despite this, the microcensus seemed

     the best from among the possible bases of comparison.



     Fieldwork, Data collection

     ---------------------------



     The questioning of the ISSP 1986 module took place in

     October 1986 on several partial samples of TARKI.

     The questionnaire was filled in partly on one

     representative partial sample of 1000 participants and on the

     other hand, on two more representative samples, each of

     1000 persons, including the age group of 18-39.

     As this survey was linked with the earlier data survey in

     May, we did not question certain basic data and therefore

     there was no possibility to use supplementary addresses.

     Thus, a reduction of a certain extent took place in the

     sample and the element number of the representative sample

     of 1000 became n=912, while the age group sample became

     n=835. The separation of the representative sample part or

     the age group part on the data tape within the entirety

     of all the respondents (n=1.747) was made possible by the

     use of the variable V105 with the codes:

        1. Representative sample (n=912)

        0. Age group sample      (n=835)

















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     Italy - I

     ---------







     Sample size              : 1027 cases

     -----------





     Sample type              : Probability with quotas

     -----------





     Response rates           : Not applicable

     --------------





     Properties of the sample : Representative of the Italian

     -------------------------  population





     Weighting:               : Yes

     ---------





     Fieldwork dates          : March - April 1987

     ---------------





     Fieldwork methods        : Personal interview

     -----------------





     Context                  : Italian Social Survey

     -------





     Language                 : Italian

     --------

















































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     Codebook Information

     --------------------



     The example below is a reproduction of information appearing

     in the machine readable codebook. The numbers in angular

     brackets < > do not appear in the codebook, but are references

     to the descriptions which follow the example.





     Example

     -------



     <1>           <2>                     <1>

     V4   - is mother alive      -      REF NO.0004

     <3>                 <4>            <5>

     Position    18      MD1:9

     Width        1      MD2:8          Dec.places:..



     <6>

     Q.1A  First, your mother, is she still alive?

     ------------------------------------------------------



     <7>

     



        <8>       <9>

         1. Yes

         2. No



         8. Don't know

         9. NA



      <10>

         I  AUS  I   D   I   GB  I  USA  I   A   I   H   I   I   I

         I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I

       1 I  740  I 1633  I  787  I  895  I  515  I 1257  I  662  I

       % I 59.8  I 58.3  I 56.1  I 61.1  I 50.5  I 72.0  I 64.5  I

         I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I

       2 I  497  I 1168  I  615  I  570  I  505  I  490  I  365  I

       % I 40.2  I 41.7  I 43.9  I 38.9  I 49.5  I 28.0  I 35.5  I

         I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I

       8 I       I       I       I    2M I       I       I       I

       % I       I       I       I       I       I       I       I

         I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I

       9 I   13M I    8M I   14M I    3M I    7M I       I       I

       % I       I       I       I       I       I       I       I

         I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I-------I

     SUM   1250    2809    1416    1470    1027    1747    1027































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1620             I S S P   1986 - Social Networks         Page  23

--------------------------------------------------------------------------



     Explanation

     -----------



     <1>  A variable number and a reference number have been

          assigned to each item in the study. In the present

          codebook which documents the archived data set, these

          numbers are identical. Should the data set be sub-

          setted or rearranged the variable numbers might

          change to reflect the order of the new data set while

          the reference numbers would remain unchanged to

          provide a link to the archived data set.

     <2>  Indicates the abbreviated (24 character maximum)

          variable label used within OSIRIS or SPSS system files.

     <3>  "Position" indicates the starting location of the

          variable when the dataset is stored in the OSIRIS format.

          "Width" describes the number of positions of the

          variable.

     <4>  "MD" indicates the designation of missing data.

          MD1 indicates an explicit defined single value.

          MD2 designates a single value or a value range, i.e.

          all values equal or greater than this value have been

          declared missing. Although these categories are

          defined as missing data categories, this does not mean

          that the user should not or cannot use these codes

          if so desired.

     <5>  If a variable contains implied decimals, the message

          "Dec.places: xx" appears here, where xx is the number

          of decimal places.

     <6>  Indicates the full question text taken from the British

          questionnaire. Wherever possible the original sequence

          of questions has been retained, although some changes

          were necessary to integrate the different national

          questionnaires.

     <7>  Indicates commentaries and explanations added during

          the processing of the study. < > within question or

          answer texts may indicate whether the questionnaire

          in a particular country is deviating from the general

          format.

     <8>  Indicates the code value for the single answer

          category.

     <9>  Indicates the textual definition of the codes.

          Abbreviations commonly used are DK (don't know),

          NA (no answer), Can't choose, Not applicable and

          Not available.

     <10> Indicates percentaged frequencies by country. This form

          is used whenever code categories have the same meaning

          for all countries. Column percentages are based only on

          "valid cases". Missing data values were excluded from

          percentages.





























             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln