ISSP 87 - Preface - Social Inequality I - ZA No. 1680





     Acknowledgement of Assistance

     _____________________________







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        The data utilized in this (publication) were

        documented and made available by the

        ZENTRALARCHIV FUER EMPIRISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG, Koeln.

        The data for the 'ISSP' were collected by independent

        institutions in each country (e.g. The Australian

        survey was conducted by the RSSS at the Australian

        National University (J. Kelley, M. Evans, C. Bean)).

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        bear any responsibility for the analyses or

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     Introduction

     ____________





     The International Social Survey Program

     _______________________________________





     The International Social Survey Program (ISSP) is a

     continuing, annual program of cross national collaboration.

     It brings together pre-existing national, social science

     projects and coordinates research goals by adding a cross

     national perspective to the individual, national studies.





     ISSP grew out of a bilateral collaboration between the

     Allgemeinen Bevoelkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften

     (ALLBUS) of the Zentrum fuer Umfragen, Methoden, und

     Analysen (ZUMA) in Mannheim, West Germany and the General

     Social Survey (GSS) of the National Opinion Research

     Center (NORC), University of Chicago. Both the ALLBUS and the

     GSS are replicating, time series studies. The ALLBUS has been

     conducted biennially since 1980 and the GSS annually (except

     for 1979 and 1981) since 1982. In 1982 ZUMA and NORC devoted

     a small segment of questions on job values, important areas

     of life, abortion, and feminism. Again in 1984 collaboration

     was carried out, this time on class differences, equality,

     and the welfare state.





     Meanwhile, in late 1983 Social and Community Planning Research

     (SCPR), London, which was starting a social indicators series

     (the British Social Attitudes Survey) similar to the GSS and

     ALLBUS, secured funds from the Nuffield Foundation to sponsor

     meetings to further international cooperation. A meeting was

     held in London in June, 1984 with representatives from ZUMA,

     NORC, SCPR, and the Research School of Social Sciences,

     Australian National University. This group, soon to be

     christened the ISSP, agreed to 1) jointly develop topical

     modules dealing with important areas of social science,

     2) this module would be a 15 minute supplement to the regular

     national surveys (or as a special survey if necessary),

     3) include an extensive common core of background variables,

     and 4) to make the data available to the social science

     community as soon as possible. Each nation funds its own

     data collection and bears any costs that it incurred through

     participation in the cooperative effort.

































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     Since its initial meeting in 1984, ISSP has grown to include

     nine nations, the original four - Germany, the United States,

     Great Britain, and Australia, plus Austria, Italy, Ireland,

     the Netherlands, and Hungary. Other countries are currently

     applying for membership (Israel, Norway).





     ISSP's first theme was the role of government. This covered

     attitudes towards civil liberties, and law enforcement,

     education and parenting the economy, and welfare and social

     equality.

     The second theme was social networks and support systems.

     This consisted of a detailed account of one's contact

     with various relatives and friends and then a series of

     questions about where one would turn to for help when

     faced with various situations such as financial need,

     minor illness, career advice, and emotional distress.

     The third module, on social equality, is now being developed.

     Questions focus on equality of income, wealth, and

     opportunity. Respondents are asked for their perceptions of

     the extent of present inequality, explanations for inequality,

     and support for government programs to reduce inequality.

     The fourth module (1988) will deal with working women and

     the family, and fifth (1989) with work and leisure.





     In 1990 ISSP will repeat the role of government theme.

     By replicating substantial parts of earlier modules, ISSP

     will not only have a cross national but also a time

     perspective. We will be able to compare nations and test

     whether similar social science models are valid for different

     societies. We will also be able to see if there are similar

     international trends and whether equivalent models of social

     change hold for different nations.





     ISSP brings several new features to the area of cross national

     research. The collaboration among nations is not sporadic or

     intermittent but routine and continual. Although the inter-

     national collaboration carried out by ISSP is more circum-

     scribed than special cross national research projects, ISSP

     makes cross national research a basic part of the nation's

     research agenda.







     Excerpt from:

     Tom Smith (NORC)

     in: NSSD (Ed.), EPD Newsletter, No. 63, Bergen, June 1987





























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     Study description

     _________________



     To differentiate countries in the crosstabulations within this

     codebook we have decided to distinguish according to the

     International automobile identification code:



           AUS -  Australia

           D   -  Federal Republic of Germany

           GB  -  Great Britain

           USA -  United States

           A   -  Austria

           H   -  Hungary

           I   -  Italy

           CH  -  Switzerland

           PL  -  Poland





     Australia - AUS

     _______________



     The Australian ISSP Inequality module was part of the forth

     round of the Australian National Social Science Survey (NSSS)

     conducted in 1987-1988. This round was designed by

     Dr. Jonathan Kelley and M.D.R. Evans. The NSSS is funded by

     The Research School of Social Sciences Institute of Advanced

     Studies of the Australian National University. This data was

     coded by Catherine Moore and prepared by Brian Ross.





     The Sample, Data Collection and Response Rate

     _____________________________________________



     The data were collected by way of a self-completed mail survey

     of Australian Citizens aged eighteen and over and competent in

     the English language. The sample was drawn at random from the

     national electorate rolls enrolment in compulsory and coverage

     of the population thus nearly complete.



     Procedures to minimize losses, ten days after the initial

     mail-out all potential respondents were sent a thank-you/

     reminder letter. Non-respondents were contacted a further two

     times once with a new questionnaire and once by letter alone

     for a total of four contacts. Those still not responding are

     to be contacted by telephone. Respondents were given a tele-

     phone number to call toll-free if they had any queries or

     problems. The survey entered the field in November 1987. Tele-

     phone contacts followed up. The data here are for two waves,

     these are 1574 cases. 89 cases from the telephone follow-up

     are added; all together there are 1663 completed cases.





























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     Federal Republic of Germany - D

     _______________________________





     Sample size

     ___________



            Issued    2.896

            Achieved  1.397





     Sample type

     ___________



     A three-stage stratified random sample is used:

     The first stage consisted in the selection of sample-points,

     the second in the selection of households by the random-

     route method. At the third stage the interviewer had to

     select a German of at least 18 years of age.





     Response rates

     ______________

                                                     N        %



     Issued                                       2.896  = 100.0



     Unsystematic non-responses                     316  =  10.9

     ____________________________________________________________



     Adjusted sample                              2.580  = 100.0



     Systematic non-responses in the interview      925  =  35.9

     ____________________________________________________________



     Realized interviews                          1.655  = 100.0



     Systematic non-responses in the drop-off

       - refused to fill out/ not sent back         249  =  15.0

     Incorrect interviews (drop-off)                  9  =   0.5

     ____________________________________________________________



     Realized, correct interviews (drop-off)      1.397  =  84.5









































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     Properties of the sample:  No

     ________________________





     Weighting:                 No

     _________





     Fieldwork dates:           September 26, to October 26, 1987

     _______________





     Fieldwork methods:         Self-completion questionnaire after

     _________________          interview





     Context:                   Drop-off to the Sozialwissen-

     _______                    schaften-Bus





     Language:                  German

     ________



















































































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     Great Britain - GB

     __________________





     The questions for the ISSP '87 are part of the British Social

     Attitudes. This is the fifth in an annual series of surveys

     started by SCPR in 1983 and core-funded by the Sainsbury

     Family Charitable Trusts which ensure the stability

     and independence of the series.

     SCPR's British Social Attitudes series aims to monitor

     public attitudes to a wide variety of social, economic,

     political and moral issues during the 1980s and 1990s.

     Its primary source of data is an hour-long interview

     survey, with a self-completion supplement, among a probability

     sample of around 3000 people nationwide.



     One of the modules in the British Social Attitudes dataset

     allows researchers to make cross-national comparisons. In

     1984, the Nuffield Foundation gave funds to SCPR so that it    a serie

     could convene a series of meetings with research organisations

     in other countries carrying out general surveys of social

     attitudes. From these meetings, a group called the

     International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) has evolved.

     Each member undertakes to field annually an agreed

     self-completion questionnaire, and to abide by the ISSP

     working principles. Current members are named above.

     The module for 1987 is 'Social Inequality'.

     Direct international comparisons on this topic will now be

     possible.





     Source:

     _______



        British Social Attitudes, 1987 Survey;

        Technical Report: Sharon Wiherspoon; SCPR (Social and

        Community Planning Research), 1989.

        British Social Attitudes, the 5th report: 1988/89 Edition

        Ed. Roger Jowell, Sharon Wiherspoon & Lindsay Brook, SCPR,

        1988, Published by Gower Publishing Company Limited,

        Croft Road, Aldershot.





     The Sample

     __________



     The survey was designed to yield a representative sample of

     adults aged 18 or over living in private households in Great

     Britain. The sample covers England, Wales and all but the

     highlands and islands of Scotland.



























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     The sample was confined to those living in private households

     whose addresses were listed in the Electoral registers.

     In fact, the same registers and the same constituencies, as

     those drawn for the 1986 BSA survey were used.





     The sampling method involved a multi-stage design, with four

     separate stages of selection:



     I.   Selection of parliamentary constituencies

          The stratification factors used in this survey were:

          1. Registrar General's Standard Region,

          2. Population density (persons per hectar): over 10,

                                               5 - 10, under 5

          3. A ranking by percentage of homes that were

             owner-occupied

     II.  Selection of polling destricts

     III. Selection of addresses

     IV.  Selection of individuals.





     Fieldwork

     _________



     The 1987 survey of BSA had two components. The main one was

     a questionnaire administered by interviewers. The second was

     a short self-completion supplement for respondents to fill

     in after the interview. The supplement was either collected

     by the interviewer or posted by the respondent to one or

     other of SCPR's Field Offices. If necessary, up to two postal

     reminders were sent to obtain the self-completion supplement.

     Interviewing was carried out mainly during March and April

     1987; self-completion questionnaires were accepted until

     early July.





     The responses achieved is shown below:

     _____________________________________



     In 1987, two different versions (A and B) of questionnaire

     were used. There were also two versions of the self-

     completion supplement, reflecting the different topics

     covered in the main questionnaire. The 1987 International

     Social Survey Programme (ISSP) module, containing questions

     on inequality, is in version B of the supplement.





































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     Response rates - Version B and Total Sample:

     ___________________________________________







                                      Version B           Total





     Addresses                       No.       %      No.       %

     _____________________________________________________________





     Issued                          2.189            4.379



     Total out of scope

       vacant/ derelict                 60              139



     Total in scope                  2.129    100     4.240    100

     Interviews achieved             1.410   66.2     2.847   67.1

     Self completion questionnaire

     collected/ sent to office       1.212   56.9     2.493   58.8



     Interviews not achieved           719   33.8     1.393   32.9



     - Refused                         519   24.4     1.000   23.6

     - Non contact                     123    5.8       255    6.0

     - Other non-response               77    3.6       138    3.3







     354 respondents (version A and version B), 12% of those

     interviewed, failed to return the supplement. 89% of

     respondents returned version A of the self-completion

     questionnaire, 86% returned version B.





     Since the overall proportion returning a self-completion

     questionnaire was still fairly high (88%), it was felt that

     these non-response biases did not warrant corrective weighting

     of the self-completion questionnaire. Those not returning

     a self-completion questionnaire are not transferred to the

     ISSP dataset.











































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     Weighting

     _________





     The data were weighted to take account of any differences

     between the number of people listed on the register and

     those found at the address.

     The unweighted sample (the number of persons interviewed)

     was 2.847 and the weighted sample 2.766.

     Percentages for the core questions are based on the total

     sample (2.766 weighted), while those for questions in

     version A or B are based on the appropriate sub-samples

     (1.391 and 1.375 weighted, for the interview questionnaire

     and 1.243 (version A) and 1.181 (version B) for the

     self-completion questionnaire).



     The self-completion questionnaire was not completed by 12% of

     respondents who where successfully interviewed. To allow

     for comparisons over time, the answers in the supplement

     have been re-percentaged on the base of those respondents

     who returned it.





















































































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     United States - USA

     ___________________





     The ISSP data are part of the General Social Surveys (GSS)

     carried out by the National Opinion Research Center,

     University of Chicago (NORC). Principal investigators are

     Prof. James A. Davis and Prof. Tom W. Smith.

     The GSS data are collected in a cumulative codebook

     produced by NORC and distributed by The Roper Center for

     Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.

     The Project was supported by the National Science Foundation.





     Source:

     ______



        General Social Surveys, 1972-1988:

        Cumulative Codebook, July 1988

        Conducted for the National Data Program for the Social

        Sciences at the National Opinion Research Center,

        University of Chicago;

        Data distributed by the Roper Center for Public Opinion

        Research, University of Connecticut; NORC Edition





     The Sample

     __________



     The survey is an independently drawn sample of English-

     speaking persons 18 years of age or over, living in

     non-institutional arrangements within the United States.

     Full probability sampling with black oversample was employed.

     The sample is a multi-stage area probability sample to the

     block or segment level.





     The Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) employed are Standard

     Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) or non-metropolitan

     counties selected in NORC's Master Sample. These SMSAs and

     counties were stratified by region, age, and race for

     selection. The units of selection of the second stage were

     block groups (BGs) and enumeration districts (EDs).

     These EDs and BGs were stratified according to race and

     income before selection.

     The third stage of selection was that of blocks. The blocks

     were selected with probabilities proportional to size. In

     places without block statistics, measures of size for the

     blocks were obtained by field counting.





























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     1987 Black Oversample

     _____________________





     In 1987 The National Science Foundation funded as a separate

     project an oversample of Blacks on the GSS. An additional

     sample of lines was drawn from 1980 sample frame (as the

     regular 1987 GSS cross section was). These households

     were screened for race and eventually yielded 353 extra

     Black respondents (279 within the ISSP).

     When added to the 191 Blacks (138 within the ISSP) who

     were part of the regular cross section that made a total

     of 544 Black respondents in 1987 (412 Black respondents

     within the ISSP).



     The variable V108 'sample' is designed to select the races:

     Whites, (representative) Blacks, (oversampled) Blacks and

     the Others. The Representative Sample consists of Whites

     (Code 1), representative Blacks (Code 3) and the Others

     (Code 4).





     Within the ISSP:

     _______________



     Representative sample = 1285 respondents

     Black oversample      =  279 respondents

     ________________________________________



                           = 1564 respondents



     Weighting

     _________



     To make the survey a representative cross-section the user

     can either exclude the black oversample cases in using the

     sample filter V108 or weighting the file by V107.

     The weighting variable V107 distinguishes with a factor

     between Blacks (representative and oversample) on one

     side and Whites and Others on the other side. The number

     of cases when using the weighting factor is n=1605.













































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     Response rates - GSS 1987 and 1987B (Black oversample)

     ______________________________________________________________





                                          1987        1987B

                                          _________________________



     Original sample                      2250        4750



     - Out of sample

       (Housholds with no Blacks)            0        3916

     - Not a dwelling unit                  77         106

     - Vacant                              206         328

     - Language problem                     43           0

     - New dwelling unit                    21          42

     ______________________________________________________________



     Net sample                           1945         442

     Completed cases                      1466         353  =  1819

     No ISSP supplement                    181          74  =   255

     ______________________________________________________________



                                          1285         279  =  1564

     ______________________________________________________________





     Fieldwork dates:    February - April 1987

     _______________





     Fieldwork methods:  The GSS is a personal interview with

     _________________   the ISSP done as a self-completion

                         while the interviewer is waiting.





























































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     Austria - A

     ___________





     The ISSP '87 and ISSP '88 were fielded simultanuously,

     each respondent had to answer both questionnaires.



     This project was supported in part by promotion-funds from

     the Science Research Foundation, by grants from the

     government ministry for Science and Research and from the

     government Steiermark.





     Fieldwork, Data collection

     __________________________



     The field work was carried out by the IFES-Institut/ Vienna.





     The Sample

     __________



     The sample is a three stage stratified person random sample.

     The sample-points were selected according to the criteria of

     'Bundesland' (region) and size of the place. Each sample

     point was assigned six households, using adresses drawn

     randomly from the national electoral register. Within the

     household the interviewer had to select the respondent among

     the household members between 16 and 69 years according to a

     fixed random number.





     Fieldwork methods:   Face to face interviews

     _________________





     Fieldwork dates:     June - July 1988

     _______________





     Weighting:           The weight is based on a sample of 1000

     _________            persons (IFES- Weighting)





     Language:            German

     ________



































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     Response rate:

     _____________





                                          N             %



     Issued adresses                    1400         100.0



     Changed residence, unknown           39           2.8

     ______________________________________________________



     Adjusted sample                    1361         100.0



     Refusals                            150          11.0

     Person not met, unable to answer    238          17.5

     Incomplete                            1           0.1

     ______________________________________________________



     Realized interviews                 972          71.4

     ______________________________________________________







     Further information:

     ___________________



     ISSP-87 Ungleichheit, ISSP-88 Familie.

     Codebuch mit Methodenbericht, Linearauszaehlung und Frage-

     bogen; Institut fuer Soziologie der Universitaet Graz,

     Prof. Max Haller, November 1988.



































































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     Hungary - H

     ___________





     The original sample consisted of 2.963 persons. They were

     selected by cluster sampling. The first step was to select

     the communities and to determine the number of persons to

     be asked to each settling. This first step was made in a way

     so as to obtain a sample which displays the same means and

     standard deviations on a number of variables concerning to

     the social, demographic, economic and geographic characte-

     ristics of the community as the Hungarian adult population.

     Data about the characteristics of the communites were taken

     from the 1980 census.

     At second step random samples were taken from the adult

     population of each selected communities. The list of persons

     (and their addresses) were provided by the Population

     Register Bureau.



     2.833 persons in this original sample were already interviewed

     twice in 1986. This might be the reason for the fact, that the

     proportion of dropouts in this survey (11.4 % of the original

     sample) were somehow greater than it is usual in Hungary.

     Below, you can see the proportion of the different causes of

     the interview's failures:





     Failure of the interview is due

     to the fact, that                                n         %

     ______________________________________________________________



     1. Respondent was unable to answer

        (because of illness or having

        been drunken)                                25        7.4



     2. Respondent rejected being

        interviewed                                 118       35.0



     3. Respondent did not live at home

        temporarily                                  77       22.7



     4. Respondent moved to a new flat

        or house (new address unknown)               37       10.9



     5. Address was wrong                             7        2.1



     6. Respondent died                              30        8.8



     7. Somebody else from the family of              1        0.3

        the respondent was already asked



     8. Other answers                                44       13.0

     ______________________________________________________________



                                                    339      100.0

















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     Fieldwork, Data collection

     __________________________

     The questioning of the ISSP 1987 module took place in April

     and May 1987 on three partial samples of TARKI described

     above.

     As this survey was linked with the earlier data survey in

     1986, we did not question certain basic data and therefore

     there was no possibility to use supplementary addresses.

     Thus, a reduction of a certain extent took place in the

     sample and the element number of the representative sample

     of 3.000 became n=2.606.





     Fieldwork methods:   Personal interviews

     _________________





     Fieldwork dates:     April - May 1987

     _______________





     Weighting:           No

     _________





     Language:            Hungarian

     ________









































































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     Netherlands - NL

     ________________









     Sample size:               1638 cases

     ___________





     Sample type:               Full probability sample

     ___________





     Response rate:             82%

     _____________





     Properties of the sample:  Representative of the Dutch

     ________________________   population between 16 and 80





     Weighting:                 No weighting has been applied

     _________





     Fieldwork dates:           September, 15 - December, 31, 1987

     _______________





     Fieldwork methods:         Self completion questionnaire as

     _________________          an appendix to a survey





     Language:                  Dutch

     ________























































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     Italy - I

     _________









     Sample size:               1027 cases

     ___________





     Sample type:               Probability with quotas

     ___________





     Response rates:            Not applicable

     ______________





     Properties of the sample:  Representative of the Italian

     ________________________   population





     Weighting:                 Yes

     _________





     Fieldwork dates:           March - April 1987

     _______________





     Fieldwork methods:         Personal interview

     _________________





     Context:                   Italian Social Survey 1986/87

     _______





     Language:                  Italian

     ________















































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     Switzerland - CH

     ________________







     Sample size:

     ___________





            Issued     2.046

            Achieved     987





     Sample type

     ___________



     We used a two-stage stratified random sample of persons 16

     years and over in Switzerland including foreign workers.

     In 129 representative Swiss communities, adresses were

     selected following instructions deducted from probability

     selection ("Select the fifth person after the one whose family

     name begins with MO").







     Response rate:

     _____________



                                                           N



     Issued                                             2046

     _______________________________________________________



     Changed residence, ill, died                         73

     Not able to speak German, French or Italian          48

                                                 100% = 1925

     _______________________________________________________



     Realized                                   51.3% =  987

     _______________________________________________________















































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     Fieldwork dates:

     _______________



     October, 1 to December, 15, 1987.





     Fieldwork methods:

     _________________



     Two-wave mail survey including the payment of SFR. 50.- for

     sending back the filled in questionnaire.





     Context:

     _______



     The questionnaire includes some additional dealing with the

     perception of social inequality which allow a strict

     comparison with a Swiss survey of 1975.





     Language:

     ________



     German, French, Italian





     Source for further details:

     __________________________



     G. Hischier & H. Zwicky (1988): Die Erhebung der Daten

     und ihre Bestimmungsgruende, Manuskript;

     Soziologisches Institut der Universitaet Zuerich.





























































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     Poland - PL:

     ____________



     The ISSP data should be referred to as a part of the survey

     "Social Structure II" carried out under the auspices

     of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the

     Polish Academy of Sciences (in Warsaw) by the Inter-

     Institute Research Team "Social Structure".

     (Kazimierz M. Slomczynski (head) et al.)





     The Sampling frame



     In both "Social Structure I" and "Social Structure II", the

     sample was selected based on a sampling frame developed

     by the Public Opinion Research Center (Centrum Badania

     Opinii Spooecznej - CBOS). CBOS's sampling frame -

     called ANLUD - was created in 1986 to select probability

     samples for CBOS#s own surveys.

     The organization of the sampling frame was based on a

     geographical division of the country developed by the

     Central Statistical Office for the census. The basic units

     to settlements of people. In general, districts include from

     less than twenty to several hundred people.



     The sampling was done in two stages. In the first one the

     population was divided into 196 strata. In each of the 49

     voivodships four strata were distinguished according to the

     size of locality of residence, utilizing the division into

     villages, small towns, medium-sized towns, and big towns.

     Next the number of persons in each stratum was computed,

     and this enabled the required number of census districts

     to be established. Districts were selected within various

     strata separately and independently. A total of 815 census

     districts were selected.



     The second stage of sampling involved selecting households

     from each census district, whose members aged 12 and over

     would be included in the sampling frame (Social Structure I).















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     The Sample



     Since the range of problems examined in the survey

     "Social Structure II" was extensive, it referred to the

     adult population of Poland limited only by the criterion

     of age. The years of birth were the same for men and women,

     that is 1922-1966, which resulted in respondents aged 21-65

     in 1987. A population thus defined can be treated as

     generally equivalent to the adult population of Poland,

     the youngest (18-20) and the oldest (over 65) excluded.

     In the adult population, these excluded categories amounted

     in the mid-1980's to 6 and 14 percent, respectively.

     The reasons for not including persons aged 18-20 were

     theoretical, methodological, and practical.





     The sample size and response rate



     5935 interviews (3 versions of the questionnaire x, y, z)

     were collected. Out of them 5854 treated now as analyzable.

     Out of these 5854 cases only 3943 cases (x, z version) are

     integrated into the ISSP-datafile, because 1911 cases

     (y version) have no references to the ISSP-part, but only

      references to the demographic part of the survey.





     Fieldwork dates:     November 1987 to Januray 1988



     Fieldwork methods:   Personal interview with standardized

                          questionnaire(s) (3 versions)



     Weighting:           no



     Language:            Polish





























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     Codebook Information

     ____________________



     The example below is a reproduction of information appearing

     in the machine readable codebook. The numbers in angular

     brackets < > do not appear in the codebook, but are references

     to the descriptions which follow the example.



     Example

     _______



     <1>           <2>                     <1>

     V4   - ahead:wealthy family -      REF NO.0004

     <3>                 <4>            <5>

     Location    14      MD1:9

     Width        1      MD2:8          Dec.places:..

     <6>

     Q.1a  First, how important is coming from a wealthy family?

     ___________________________________________________________

        <8>       <9>

         1. Essential

         2. Very important

         3. Fairly important

         4. Not very important

         5. Not important at all

         8. Can't choose, don't know

         9. NA

        <10>

           AUS    D     GB   USA    A     H     NL    I     CH

         I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

       1 I  71 I  93 I  50 I  49 I 112 I 408 I  10 I  65 I  52 I

       % I 4.4 I 6.9 I 4.2 I 3.9 I11.8 I16.1 I  .6 I 6.4 I 5.4 I

         I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

       2 I 226 I 237 I 206 I 203 I 168 I 459 I 160 I 345 I  91 I

       % I14.0 I17.6 I17.4 I16.3 I17.7 I18.1 I10.2 I33.7 I 9.5 I

         I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

       3 I 496 I 444 I 392 I 360 I 308 I 686 I 437 I 251 I 391 I

       % I30.8 I33.0 I33.1 I28.8 I32.5 I27.0 I27.8 I24.5 I40.6 I

         I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

       4 I 553 I 371 I 366 I 411 I 229 I 643 I 603 I 201 I 333 I

       % I34.4 I27.6 I30.9 I32.9 I24.2 I25.3 I38.4 I19.6 I34.6 I

         I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

       5 I 263 I 201 I 172 I 226 I 130 I 344 I 362 I 161 I  95 I

       % I16.3 I14.9 I14.5 I18.1 I13.7 I13.5 I23.0 I15.7 I 9.9 I

         I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

       8 I   8MI  44MI  20MI  22MI  25MI  34MI  39MI   4MI  12MI

         I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I

         I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

       9 I  46MI   7MI   6MI  14MI     I  32MI  27MI     I  13MI

         I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I

         I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

     SUM  1663  1397  1212  1285   972  2606  1638  1027   987























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     Explanation

     ___________





     <1> A variable (and reference) number have been assigned to

         each item in the study. In the present codebook which

         documents the archived data set, these numbers are identi-

         cal. Should the data set be subsetted or rearranged the

         variable numbers might change to reflect the order of the

         new data set while the reference numbers would remain

         unchanged to provide a link to the archived data set.

     <2> Indicates the abbreviated (24 character maximum) variable

         label used within OSIRIS or SPSS system files.

     <3> "Location" indicates the starting location of the variable

         when the dataset is stored in the OSIRIS format."Width"

         describes the number of positions of the variable.

     <4> "MD" indicates the designation of missing data. MD1 indi-

         cates an explicit defined single value. MD2 designates a

         single value or a value range, i.e. all values equal or

         greater than this value have been declared missing.

         Although these categories are defined as missing data

         categories, this does not mean that the user should not

         or cannot use these codes if so desired.

     <5> If a variable contains implied decimals, the message

         "Dec.places: xx" appears here, where xx is the number

         of decimal places.

     <6> Indicates the full question text taken from the British

         questionnaire. Wherever possible the original sequence

         of questions has been retained, although some changes

         were necessary to integrate the different national

         questionnaires.

     <7> Indicates commentaries and explanations added during the

         processing of the study. < > within question or answer

         texts may indicate whether the questionnaire in a parti-

         cular country is deviating from the general format.

     <8> Indicates the code value for the single answer category.

     <9> Indicates the textual definition of the codes.

         Abbreviations commonly used are DK (don't know), NA (no

         answer), Can't choose, Not applicable and Not available.

     <10>Indicates percentaged frequencies by country. This form

         is used whenever code categories have the same meaning

         for all countries. Column percentages are based only on

         "valid cases". Missing data values were excluded from

         percentages.







































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln