ISSP 89 - Preface - Work Orientations - ZA No. 1840





     Acknowledgement of Assistance









     All manuscripts utilizing data made available through the

     ZENTRALARCHIV FUER EMPIRISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG should

     acknowledge that fact as well as identify the original

     collectors of the data.



     We kindly ask all users to follow some adaptation of the

     following statement:





        The data utilized in this (publication) were

        documented and made available by the

        ZENTRALARCHIV FUER EMPIRISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG, Koeln.

        The data for the 'ISSP' were collected by independent

        institutions in each country (e.g. the Australian

        survey was conducted by the RSSS at the Australian

        National University (J. Kelley, M. Evans, C. Bean)).

        Neither the original collectors nor the ZENTRALARCHIV

        bear any responsibility for the analyses or

        interpretation presented here.





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ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page   3







     An introduction to the ISSP





     The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a voluntary

     grouping of study teams in eleven nations (soon to become

     thirteen or fourteen), each of which undertakes to run a

     short, annual self-completion survey containing an agreed set

     of questions asked of a probability-based, nation-wide sample

     adults. The topics change from year to year by agreement, with

     a view to replication every five years or so.

       The questions themselves are developed by subgroups and then

     thrashed out at an annual meeting attended by representatives

     of each national team. At the last meeting in May 1989, in

     London, there were 29 participants from the 11 national teams,

     including representatives of the ISSP's 'official' data

     archive, the Zentralarchiv at the University of Cologne.



       A constitution of sorts has now been adopted by members of

     the ISSP. It contains, for instance, rules of entry for new

     members and responsibilities of membership. The primary duty

     of each member is, of course, to run every annual module (or

     at least nearly every one) in the agreed format. But there are

     no central funds for the ISSP: each national team covers the

     costs of its own piloting, fieldwork, data preparation, travel

     to meetings and so on. Since the ISSP has agreed to use one

     language for drafting and for meetings - (British) English -

     there are no central translation costs.

       Improbable as it may seem, this general formula has worked

     well so far. The annual questionnaires for instance (contrary

     to all advice and experience) have actually been designed for

     the most part in committee, and though inevitably flawed, are

     no less successful than most. Admittedly, this success owes a

     lot to careful prior development work by drafting groups and

     to subsequent adjustments after piloting. In any event,

     fascinating data are already beginning to emerge.



       A fuller treatment than is given here, of the results gene-

     rated so far by the series, is to be provided in the first ISSP

     Report, a book funded by the European Cultural Foundation and

     due to be published by the Netherlands Social and Cultural

     Planning Bureau (SCP) in 1990.

       As may by now be apparent, the ISSP has grown and developed

     somewhat haphazardly, and this pattern shows every sign of

     continuing as long as it seems to work. The ISSP certainly

     came into without much serious planning, having emerged as a

     vague idea during an impromptu meeting the two of us in 1983

     whose purpose was primarily to exchange experiences and

     explore opportunities for borrowing each other's questions.

       At that stage, the British Social Attitudes Survey (BSAS)

     was still in its first year, but had just received news that

     it was to be given at least a four-year life span through the

     generosity of the Sainsbury Family Charitable Trusts. The US

     General Social Survey (GSS), in contrast, was some 12 years

     old and had already acted as something of a role-model for

















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ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page   4







     other national series, including the BSAS itself, the West

     German Allgemeine Bevoelkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften

     (ALLBUS) (started in 1980) and the Australian National Social

     Science Survey (NSSS) (which was about to take its first

     fieldwork round).

       As is usual at such meetings, we were bemoaning the fact

     that survey questions are poor travellers, especially across

     national and cultural boundaries. The BSAS, for instance,

     despite intentions to the contrary, had managed to transplant

     only one or two questions directly from the GSS. The West Ger-

     man ALLBUS contained a few more replications as a result of a

     specific bilateral agreement with the GSS. But a long-standing

     problem for all national time-series of this sort was, and is,

     that the concern for a year-by-year comparability within a

     country is often conflict with a concern of comparability

     between countries. Since funding is almost from national

     sources, the choice both of topics and of question-wording

     tends to reflect national rather than cross-national priorities.



       So the conclusion we reached in 1983 was that the ideal way

     of securing a greater element of cross-national comparability

     should probably be via a standardised bolt-on supplementary

     questionnaire designed specifically for that purpose. With

     this in mind, SCPR sought and obtained a small grant from the

     Nuffield Foundation for convening a meeting (and then another)

     between representatives of the other three national social

     attitudes surveys which we already had some contact - those in

     Australia, West Germany, and the USA. There, the idea of a

     bolt-on, mutually-designed series of supplementary question-

     naires could be aired and, perhaps, taken further.



       As it turned out, the idea was warmly received by all four

     groups, who also decided that these supplements should be in a

     self-completion format, primarily for reasons of cost and to

     avoid adding to the already long, personal interviews. At the

     following meeting, the first bolt-on module, on the role of

     government, was developed and scheduled for fielding in 1985.

     It was later translated into American English, Australian Eng-

     lish and German to obtain functionally-equivalent rather than

     identical wordings.

       Although we were not quite aware of it at the time, the ISSP

     had effectively started. Since then, several other modules

     have been designed and fielded, the membership has grown

     threefold, and the structure has become a bit more bureaucra-

     tic, but not (yet) unduly so.







     Excerpt from:

     James A. Davis and Roger Jowell:

     Measuring national differences, in:

     Jowell, R., Witherspoon, S., Brook, L.:

     British Social Attitudes - special international report;

     6th report, pp. 2f., Oxford 1989.

















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ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page   5







     The ISSP 1989 module on work orientation and leisure







     Already at the first ISSP conference in 1984 it was decided

     that the topic "work orientation and leisure" would be one

     of the main modules that should be examined by International

     research project ISSP. In 1987 the group came to the agree-

     ment that the module should be fielded in 1989. At the same

     time the topic was discussed in more detail and the content

     was shaped more precisely. The drafting group, consisting of

     ZUMA as convenor, The SCPR (Great Britain), and SCP (Nether-

     lands) was given a structured list of the topics that should

     be included and was asked to work out a draft questionnaire

     by the end of 1987.





     The work orientation module should in equal shares cover the

     following three major topics:





     1. General attitudes to work and leisure



     -  work vs. leisure,

     -  the work ethic and commitment to work,

     -  the role of work in creating feelings of personal worth,

     -  the alienation effects of not having work, etc.







     2. Work organisation



     attitudes to

     -  self-employment,

     -  public vs. private sector work,

     -  large vs. small workplaces,

     -  manufacturing vs. service sector,

     -  job-sharing or job-splitting,

     -  full-time and part-time,

     -  profit-sharing,

     -  attitudes towards getting ahead,







     3.A  Work content



     -  work that was done,

     -  characteristics or qualities of work,

     -  work organization questions relating to specific job

        done by respondent

























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ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page   6









     3.B  Collective interests



     -  Unions, employers, managers etc.

     -  collective interests organized around the work







     3.C  Second job



     -  activities, extent, special demographics and reasons why

        a second job is held





     Points 1 and 2 should be based on items which all sample

     members and not only those respondents currently working

     could answer.







     After having consulted further scholars working in the wide field

     of work and leisure who wre asked for assistance and additional

     comments on the questionnaire proposal the drafting group sen

     the questionnaire to all ISSP members. Their comments were also

     considered and integrated in the questionnaire so that the "fine-

     tunde" version of the 1989 module was ready to be pretested in

     July 1988.













     Source:



     Beckmann, P.: Field Report, International Social Survey

     Programme - ISSP 1989 -, ZUMA-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 91/12,

     Mannheim, 1991.

















































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ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  28







     Study description







     To differentiate countries in the crosstabulations within this

     codebook we have decided to use the International automobile

     identification codes:





           D     -  West Germany

           GB    -  Great Britain

           USA   -  United States of America

           A     -  Austria

           H     -  Hungary

           NL    -  Netherlands

           I     -  Italy

           IRL   -  Ireland

           NIRL  -  Northern Ireland

           N     -  Norway

           IL    -  Israel









     West Germany - D





     Sample size



            Issued    3.360

            Achieved  1.575





     Sample type





     The sample type was a three-stage stratified random sample.

     The first stage consisted in the selection of sample-points,

     the second in the selection of households by the random-route

     method. At the third stage the interviewer had to select a

     person from the household with German nationality who was

     at least 18 years of age. The sample is representative

     for adult Germans, living in the Bundesrepublik or West-Berlin

     in private households during the fieldwork time.



     The ISSP supplement was not to be asked to fill in by all

     respondents of the Sozialwissenschaft-Bus sample, but only by

     eighty per cent of the original sample. Therefore, the sample

     points ending with 0 or 5 were filtered out. All in all

     n = 1597 interviews of the Sozialwissenschaften-Bus III/1989

     had been realised in sample points, which were not 0 or 5.

     From this sample, n = 1464 written ISSP-interviews could be

     realised. This is 91.7 per cent of the sample.

















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     All n = 133 cases of non-respondents are refusals.

     By mistake in the organisation of dispatch, the ISSP

     questionnaires have been sent to some sample points, which

     were - because of the considered reduction of sample size -

     not to fill in the supplement. This especially is current

     for the second and third dispatch. Therefore, another n = 130

     interviews were realised. Agreeing with the Zentrum fuer

     Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA) these cases were inte-

     grated in the data processing, so that the full sample size

     of the ISSP is n = 1594. After data cleaning process 19

     interviews were eliminated so that the sample size of the

     ISSP is n = 1575. By variable V137 'Sample point', the 130

     130 additionally interviewed can be filtered out.







     Fieldwork



     In cooperation with the Zentrum fuer Umfragen, Methoden und

     Analysen (ZUMA), the Gesellschaft fuer Marketing-, Kommunika-

     tions- und Sozialforschung (GFM-GETAS) assumed the technical

     organisation and the realization of the study.



     The ISSP 1988 was realized as a drop-off of the Sozialwissen-

     schaften-Bus III/89. The method used was a self-completing

     supplement to the Sozialwissenschaften-Bus interview.

     The respondents were asked to fill in the self-completing

     questionnaire, the interviewers were asked to motivate the

     respondents to fill in the self-completing questionnaire imme-

     diately so that the interviewers were able to collect the

     supplement themselves. 90 per cent of the supplements were

     collected by the interviewer, 10 per cent were completed

     collected later. Exceptionally, supplements were sent postally

     to the institute by the respondent.







     Fieldwork dates:  November 3, to December, 12, 1989





     Weighting:   No





     Language:  German









     Source:



     Beckmann, P.: Methodological Report, International Social

     Survey Programme - ISSP 1989.

     ZUMA-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 91/12, Mannheim, Mai 1991.





















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     Response rates (original sample = 336 sample points) 1)





                                                     N        %



     Issued (SOWIBUS)                             3.360  = 100.0

     Unsystematic non-responses                     362  =  10.8

     ____________________________________________________________



     Adjusted sample                              2.998  = 100.0

     Systematic non-responses                       966  =  32.2

     ____________________________________________________________



     Realized interviews                          2.032  =  67.8

     Incorrect interviews                             4  =   0.1

     Realized, correct interviews (SOWIBUS)       2.028  =  67.7

     ____________________________________________________________



     Reduced ISSP-sample size                     1.597  = 100.0

     (80% of the 420 sample points used in

     the SOWIBUS sample = 336 sample points)

     ____________________________________________________________



     Systematic non-responses in the drop-off       133  =   8.3

       - lack of time to fill out the

         questionnaire

       - refusal to read and fill out the

         questionnaire

     ____________________________________________________________



     Realized interviews (drop-off)               1.464  =  91.7

     ____________________________________________________________



       + interviews which were conducted

         in the additional 24 sample points         130

     ____________________________________________________________



     Achieved all 360 sample points               1.594

     ____________________________________________________________



       - 19 interviews which were eliminated

         after the data cleaning process          1.575

     ____________________________________________________________







     1) Because of an unsystematical mistake - questionnaires were

        also sent to interviewers in 24 sample points which should

        have been excluded from the reduced ISSP sample - the actual

        number of PSUs in the sample was then 360. The user can,

        however, choose which sample he wants to use. (see V137)























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     Table: Distribution of demographical variables in the Mikrozensus





                                MZ 85       MZ 87       MZ 89

     _____________________________________________________________





     Gender



      - Male                     46.5        46.9        47.1

      - Female                   53.5        53.1        52.9



     Age



      - 18-19 years               4.2         3.8         3.2

      - 20-24 years              10.6        10.8        10.3

      - 25-29 years               9.0         9.7        10.4

      - 30-34 years               8.1         8.2         8.8

      - 35-39 years               7.2         7.8         8.0

      - 40-44 years               8.3         6.9         6.9

      - 45-49 years               9.8         9.8         8.9

      - 50-54 years               7.9         8.3         9.2

      - 55-59 years               8.0         7.7         7.2

      - 60-64 years               7.6         7.3         7.3

      - 65-69 years               4.7         5.8         6.9

      - 70 +, NA                 14.7        13.9        12.9



     Education



      - Hauptschule ohne

        Lehre, NA                31.0        29.2        26.1

      - Hauptschule mit

        Lehre, NA                37.1        37.2        37.4

      - Realschulabschluss       18.4        19.3        20.4

      - Fachhochschulreife,

        Abitur                    7.0         7.4         8.4

      - Fachhochschule/

        Hochschulabschluss        6.5         6.9         7.6



     Employment status



      - Selbstaendige             6.1         5.9         5.8

        (self-employed)

      - Beamte                    4.6         4.7         4.8

        (civil servants)

      - Angestellte              21.3        22.1        23.0

        (employees)

      - Arbeiter                 18.4        18.3        18.3

        (labourers)

      - Not employed; NA         49.6        49.0        48.1





     Source:



     Mikrozensus 1989: Sonderauswertung durch das Statistische

     Bundesamt, Wiesbaden und ZUMA, Mannheim.

     Mikrozensen 1985 und 1987: Sonderauswertung durch ZUMA,

     Mannheim. (Number of cases overlaid by random variables)











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ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  32







     Great Britain - GB





     In 1989, as in 1987 and 1986, the generosity of the Sainsbury

     Family Charitable Trusts allowed us to interview around

     3.000 respondents, a substantial increase from the 1.700

     to 1.800 interviewed in the first three years of the British

     Social Attitudes survey series. So we were again able to

     cover more topics in the questionnaire. Core questions were

     asked of all respondents, and the remaining questions were

     asked of a half sample of around 1.500 respondents each -

     version A of one half, version B on the other. The structure

     of the questionnaire is shown in Appendix III.





     Source:



     Jowell, Witherspoon, Brook (eds.):

     British Social Attitudes, the 7th report; 1990/91 Edition,

     Gower, Aldershot 1990.



     Brook, Taylor, Prior:

     British Social Attitudes 1989 Survey; Technical Report,

     Social and Community Planning Research, London 1990.





     The Sample





     The survey was designed to yield a representative sample

     of adults aged 18 or over living in private households in

     Britain.



     For practical reasons, the sample was confined to those

     living in private households whose adresses were listed in

     the electoral registers. People living in institutions

     (though not in private households at such institutions) were

     excluded, as were households whose adresses were not on the

     electoral registers. Fieldwork was timed to start in

     mid-March, so the sample was drawn from the 1988 registers,

     which were just reaching the end of their period of currency.





     The sampling method involved a multi-stage design, with four

     separate stages of selection:



     I.   Selection of parliamentary constituencies

          The stratification factors used in this survey were:

          1. Registrar General's Standard Region,

          2. Population density (persons per hectar): over 10,

             5 - 10, under 5

          3. A ranking by percentage of homes that were

             owner-occupied

     II.  Selection of polling destricts

     III. Selection of addresses

     IV.  Selection of individuals.













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     Fieldwork





     Interviewing was carried out mainly during March, April

     and May 1989, with only six per cent of interviews taking

     place later.

     As an experiment to test the effect of respond rates, a

     letter was send to a random half of the selected households

     shortly before fieldwork began. This briefly described the

     purpose of the survey and the coverage of the questionnaire,

     and asked for cooperation when the interviewer called. In the

     event, the effect of the advance letter on overall response

     was negligible.

     Fieldwork was conducted by 164 interviewers drawn from SCPR's

     regular panel, all of whom attended a one-day briefing con-

     ference to familiarise them with the selection procedures and

     questionnaires. The average interview length, for both

     versions of the questionnaire, was 63 minutes.







     The questionnaire





     As in earlier round of the series, respondents were asked to

     fill in a self-completion questionnaire which was, whenever

     possible, collected by the interviewer. Otherwise the res-

     pondent was asked to post it to SCPR. If necessary, up to

     three postal reminders were sent to obtain the self-

     completion questionnaire.



     There were two versions of the self-completion supplement,

     reflecting the different topics covered in the main question-

     naire. The 1988 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP)

     module, containing women and the family, is in Version A,

     and the 1989 ISSP module is in Version B.





















































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     Response rates





     Four hundred and one respondents (14 per cent of those inter-

     viewed) did not return their self-completion questionnaire.

     Version A of the self-completion questionnaire was returned

     by 87 per cent of respondents, and version B by 86 per cent.

     Non-respondents to the self-completion questionnaire included

     a higher proportion of unskilled manual workers, residents of

     Greater London and respondents with no formal educational

     qualifications. Labour identifiers were less likely than

     Conservative or 'centre' party identifiers to return a self-

     completion questionnaire, while 24-44 year olds were more

     likely than other groups to do so.

     However, since the overall proportion returning a self-

     completion questionnaire was high, we decided against addi-

     tional weighting to correct non-response.

     Those not returning a self-completion questionnaire will

     have blank records on the following cards:



     A Version: Cards 18, 20, 21, 22, 23

     B Version: Cards 19, 20, 21, 22, 23







     Weighting





     Before analysis, the data were weighted to take account of

     differences between the number of people listed in the

     register (which determined the original selection proba-

     bility) and the number found at the address. Such differen-

     ces were found in about 27 per cent of addresses, in each of

     which the data were weighted by the number of persons aged 18

     or over currently living at the address, divided by the num-

     ber of electors listed on the register for that address.

     Percentages for the core questions are based on the total

     sample (2930 weighted), while those for questions in version

     A or B are based on the appropriate sub-samples (1469 and

     1461 weighted, for the interview questionnaire and 1274 and

     1255 weighted, for the self-completion questionnaire). Since

     both the percentage distributions and the numerical frequen-

     cy counts are based on weighted data, figures will not ne-

     cessarily add up to 100 per cent.





































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                                       B Version      Total

     Addresses                         No.    %       No.     %

     -------------------------------------------------------------



     Issued                            2279           4560



     Found to be out of scope

     - address empty/vacant              75            151

     - business/industrial premises       2              8

     - address of an institution          3              8

     - premises derelict/demolished       3              4

     - other                              4              6



     Assumed to be out of scope

     - no trace of address                6             13

     -------------------------------------------------------------

     Total out of scope                  93            190



     Selected persons

     -------------------------------------------------------------

     Total in scope                    2186  100.0    4370  100.0

     Total interviewed                 1516   69.4    3029   69.3



     Self-completion questionnaire

      collected/sent to office         1297   59.3    2604   59.6



     Total not interviewed              670   30.6    1341   30.7



     Reasons for non-response

     -------------------------------------------------------------

     Refusal (total)                    519   24.3    1050   24.0



     - personally refused interview     353   16.1     706   16.2

     - refusal on behalf of selected

       person by someone else in

       household                         66    3.0     151    3.5

     - complete refusal of information

       about occupants                   56    2.6     104    2.4

     - broke appointment and could not

       be recontacted                    36    1.6      69    1.6

     - refusal to office (letter/phone)   8    0.4      20    0.5



     Non-contact (total)                519   24.3    1050   24.0



     - no contact with anyone at

       address after four or more calls  40    1.8      86    2.0

     - selected person not contacted

       (eg. never in)                    41    1.9      69    1.6

     - away in hospital during survey

       period                            22    1.0      43    1.0



     Other (total)                       48    2.2      93    2.1



     - senile/incapacitated              25    1.1      43    1.0

     - ill (at home) during survey

       period                            13    0.6      27    0.6

     - could not speak adequate

       English                            4    0.2       6    0.1

     - other reason                       6    0.3      17    0.4









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     Northern Ireland







     In 1989, the Nuffield Foundation and the Northern Ireland

     Office agreed to fund three extensions of the British Social

     Attitudes survey to Northern Ireland. Core questions were

     asked in both surveys, but in addition there was a special

     module on community relations in the Northern Ireland

     questionnaire (Qs. 77-97 and Qs. 915-915). Some of these

     questions were asked in Britain too, so allowing us to com-

     pare the attitudes of those living in Northern Ireland with

     the attitudes of people in Britain. The structure of the

     Northern Ireland questionnaire, and its relationship

     to the British questionnaire, is shown in Appendix III.

     An advisory board consisting of representatives from Social

     and Community Planning Research, the Policy Planning and

     Research Unit (PPRU) at Stormont (which also carried out the

     sampling and the fieldwork), the Policy Research Institute

     in Belfast (which had the responsibility for special ana-

     lyses), the academic community and the Community Relations

     Council met several times in the month before fieldwork to

     plan the survey and design the module on community relations.

     As with all questionnaire modules, however, final responsibi-

     lity for its coverage and wording remains with SCPR.





     Source:



     Jowell, Witherspoon, Brook (eds.):

     British Social Attitudes, the 7th report; 1990/91 Edition,

     Gower, Aldershot 1990.



     Brook, Taylor, Prior:

     British Social Attitudes 1989 Survey; Technical Report,

     Social and Community Planning Research, London 1990.







     Sample design





     The survey was designed to yield a representative sample

     of all adults aged 18 or over living in Northern Ireland.



     The sample was drawn from the rating list, the most up-to-

     date listing of private households, and made available to

     PPRU for research purposes. People living in institutions

     (though not in private households in such institutions) were

     excluded. The rating list file was first stratified according

     to region, with addresses in Belfast, East Northern Ireland

     and West Northern Ireland appearing sequentially on the file.





















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     Because of the small geographical size of Northern Ireland,

     it was not necessary to to cluster addresses within areas.

     The sample was therefore a simple random sample of all house-

     holds listed on the rating list. Selection of addresses was

     made by taking a random starting point and then, treating the

     list of addresses as circular, selecting every n th address

     until the desired number of households had been sampled. The

     issued sample was 1.398 households.

     The rating list provides a good sampling frame of addresses,

     but contains no information about the number of people

     living at an address. So a further selection stage was re-

     quired to convert the listing of addresses to a listing of

     individuals.





     Fieldwork





     Interviewing was carried out mainly during March and April

     1989; only six interviews took place later.

     Fieldwork was conducted by 62 interviewers drawn from PPRU's

     panel. All interviewers attended a one-day briefing confe-

     rence to familiarise them with the selection procedures and

     questionnaires. The interview took on average 75 minutes to

     administer.







     The questionnaire





     As in the British Social Attitudes survey, respondents

     were asked to fill in a self-completion questionnaire which

     was, whenever possible, collected by the interviewer.

     Otherwise the respondent was asked to post it directly to a

     Northern Ireland Post Office box from which it was forwarded

     to SCPR. If necessary, up to two postal reminders were sent

     to obtain the self-completion questionnaire from those who

     had not returned it.

















































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  38







     Response rates





                                        No.    %

     ______________________________________________



     Addresses issued                  1398

     Vacant, derelict, out of scope      94



     In Scope                          1304   100

     Interview achieved                 866    66

     Interview not achieved             438    34

     - refused                          264    20

     - non-contact                      103     8

     - other non-response                71     5



     Self-completion questionnaire

      collected/sent to office          780    60





     A response rate of 65 per cent was achieved in Belfast; it

     was 70 per cent in East Northern Ireland and 71 per cent in

     West Northern Ireland.

     In all, 780 respondents returned the self-completion

     questionnaire, 90 per cent of those interviewed.







     Weighting





     In Northern Ireland, addresses could not be selected with

     probability proportionate to the size of the household (as

     with the electoral register sampling used in British Social

     Attitudes). So before the analysis, the data were weighted

     to adjust for the fact that individuals living in large

     households of being included in the sample. This means that

     the weights applied to the Northern Ireland sample are, in

     general, larger than those applied to the British one. All

     the weights fell within a range between one and seven. The

     distribution of weights used is shown below.





                Weight        No.        %

                ___________________________



                  1           229      26.4

                  2           448      51.7

                  3           125      14.4

                  4            40       4.6

                  5            16       1.8

                  6             5       0.6

                  7             3       0.3



















             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  39









     United States - USA







     The ISSP data are part of the General Social Survey (GSS)

     carried out by the National Opinion Research Center,

     University of Chicago (NORC). Principal investigators are

     Prof. James A. Davis and Prof. Tom W. Smith.

     The GSS data are collected in a cumulative codebook

     produced by NORC and distributed by The Roper Center for

     Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut.

     The Project was supported by the National Science Foundation.





     Source:





     General Social Surveys, 1972-1990:

     Cumulative Codebook, September 1990

     Conducted for the National Data Program for the Social

     Sciences at the National Opinion Research Center,

     University of Chicago;

     Data distributed by the Roper Center for Public Opinion

     Research, University of Connecticut; NORC Edition







     Sample Design









     The Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) employed are Standard

     Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) or non-metropolitan

     counties selected in NORC's Master Sample. These SMSAs and

     counties were stratified by region, age, and race for

     selection. The units of selection of the second stage were

     Block Groups (BGs) and Enumeration Districts (EDs).

     These EDs and BGs were stratified according to race and

     income before selection.

     The third stage of selection was that of blocks. The blocks

     were selected with probabilities proportional to size. In

     places without block statistics, measures of size for the

     blocks were obtained by field counting.



































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  40









     Response Rate: GSS 1989 (Full Probability Sample)









     Original Sample                         2250

     _____________________________________________________________



     - Out of Sample                            2

     - Not a Dwelling Unit                     57

     - Vacant                                 212

     - Language Problem                        72

     + New Dwelling Unit                       74

     _____________________________________________________________



     Net Sample                               1981



     Completed Cases                          1537

     No ISSP Supplement                         84

     _____________________________________________________________



     Within the ISSP                          1453









     Fieldwork dates:  February to April 1989







     Fieldwork methods:  The GSS is a personal interview with the ISSP

                        done as a self-completion while the

                        interviewer is waiting.





     Weighting:  No weighting



















































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  41







     A Comparison of the 1988 Current Population Survey to the

     1987-1989 General Social Surveys







     In accordance with the documentation standards of the

     International Social Survey Program (ISSP), we compare in

     Table 1 the distributions for age, gender, years of schoo-

     ling, and labour force participation from 1987-1989 General

     Social Surveys (GSSs) with latest available Census estimates

     from the 1988 Current Population Survey (CPS).

     First, the weighted GSS distributions generally match the CPS

     figures better than the unweighted figures (Table 2). This is

     clearly the case on age, gender, and years of schooling, but

     not for labour force participation.

     Second, the weighted GSS-CPS matches are generally quite

     good. Age distributions correspond closely across all age

     groups. Women are overrepresented on the GSS. This is common

     to virtually all full probability, random respondent surveys.

     (The CPS uses household informants rather than random respon-

     dents). Third, the GSS overrepresents the college educated

     and underrepresents the less educated. It appears that much

     of this difference results from differences between the CPS

     and the GSS in how the item on education is asked and coded.

     Finally, the GSS underrepresents those not currently em-

     ployed. At least some of this difference comes from the 16

     and 17 year olds included in the CPS figures. Very few are

     currently employed and their inclusion lowers the total

     percent employed.



































































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  42







     Table 1





     Detailed comparison of the 1988 Current Population Survey

     (CPS) and the Weighted (by number of eligible respondents

     (i.e. 18 +) in the household) and Unweighted General Social

     Surveys (GSSs).





     A. Age



                             GSS                   GSS

                          Unweighted             Weighted



                 CPS    1987 1988 1989        1987 1988 1989



     18-24      14.7    10.6 11.5 10.8        13.1 14.6 13.9

     25-29      12.0    11.2 12.6 11.4        10.8 12.8 10.9

     30-34      12.0    12.4 10.4 11.7        11.4 10.1 11.2

     35-39      10.5    11.9 11.6 11.2        11.7 11.0 10.2

     40-44       8.9     8.4 10.8  9.2         8.4 10.6  9.8

     45-49       7.2     8.9  6.4  8.2        10.0  7.2  9.3

     50-54       6.1     6.7  4.7  7.0         7.4  4.9  7.5

     55-59       6.0     5.7  5.1  5.3         6.2  5.2  5.5

     60-64       6.0     5.6  7.1  5.7         5.4  6.8  5.4

     65 +       16.7    18.6 19.9 19.5        15.5 16.8 16.2



     n                  1461 1477 1533        1460 1477 1535





     B. Gender



     Female     52.2    56.3 56.9 57.1        55.0 54.9 54.8



     n                  1466 1481 1537        1466 1481 1537





     C. Years of schooling, 25 years or older



     00-08      12.1    12.4 11.6 10.2        11.8 10.8  9.9

     09-11      11.7    13.5 14.7 13.1        13.2 14.6 12.4

     12         38.9    32.1 30.4 31.1        33.6 31.3 32.3

     13-15      17.0    20.7 22.4 24.7        20.3 22.5 24.8

     16 +       20.3    21.3 20.9 21.0        21.2 20.9 20.6



     n                  1305 1309 1367        1269 1264 1318





     D. Labor Force Participation, 16 years or older

        (The GSS figures are based on 18 or older)



     Employed   62.3    64.5 62.6 62.1        65.7 64.4 63.9

     Unempld.    3.6     2.2  2.2  1.6         2.5  2.4  1.8

     Not in

     labor      34.1    33.5 35.3 36.2        31.8 33.2 34.2



     n                  1466 1481 1537        1466 1481 1537











             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  43







     Table 2







     Summary comparison of the 1988 Current Population Survey

     (CPS) and the Weighted (by number of eligible respondents

     (i.e. 18 +) in the household) and Unweighted Pooled GSSs

     (1987- 1990)







                                  (GSS % - CPS %)



                          Unweighted             Weighted



     A. Age



     18-24                   - 3.9                 - 1.1

     65 +                    + 2.9                 - 0.3







     B. Gender



     Female                  + 4.2                 + 2.6







     C. Years of schooling, 25 +



     00-08                   - 1.9                 - 1.7

     16 +                    + 1.6                 + 1.1







     D. Labor Force Participation, 16 +



     Employed                + 0.9                 + 2.8

     Unemployed              - 1.5                 - 1.2

     Not in Labor Force      + 0.7                 - 1.4













































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  44







     Austria - A



     The project was supported by funds from the Science Research

     Foundation and by grants from the Ministry for Science and

     Research.







     Fieldwork:



     Fieldwork was carried out by the market research institute

     IFES/ Vienna.







     The Sample type



     The sample is a three stage person random sample. The sample-

     points are selected according to the criteria of 'Bundesland'

     (region) and size of the place. Adresses are drawn randomly

     from the most recent national electoral register. Within the

     household the respondent is selected among the household

     members aged 14 years or older according to a fixed random

     number.







     Response rate:



                                                 N       Percent



     Issued adresses                          2840

     Changed residence, unknown                 68

     _____________________________________________________________



     Adjusted sample                          2772       100.0 %

     Refusals                                  316        11.4 %

     Persons not met, unable to answer         422        15.2 %

     Interview incomplete, incorrect            37         1.3 %

     _____________________________________________________________



     Realized interviews                      1997        72.1 %







     Fieldwork dates:  April to May 1989





     Fieldwork methods:  Face to face interviews.





     Weighting:  IFES-weighting: correcting sample distribution

                for region, age and sex.





     Language:             German













             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  45







     Comparison of unweighted sample, weighted sample and most

     recent available census data





                           Unweighted     Weighted     Census 1988



     Sample size N            1997          1997





     Age



     14-24                     17.2 %       21.5 %       20.5 %

     25-34                     16.9 %       17.3 %       18.7 %

     33-44                     14.7 %       15.8 %       15.6 %

     45-54                     15.2 %       14.8 %       14.6 %

     55-64                     14.8 %       11.6 %       12.8 %

     65 and older              21.1 %       19.0 %       17.8 %





     Gender



     Male                      44.4 %       46.6 %       46.8 %

     Female                    55.6 %       53.4 %       53.2 %







     Education



     Compulsory school         43.6 %       42.6 %       42.5 %

     Vocational training       26.7 %       27.5 %       32.8 %

     Secondary school-lower    14.9 %       14.8 %        9.3 %

                      level

     Secondary school-upper    11.0 %       11.0 %       11.1 %

                      level

     University                 3.8 %        4.0 %        4.3 %







     Employment Status                                Census 1981



     Full time employed        41.7 %       44.0 %

     Part time employed         2.2 %        2.2 %

     In vocational training     2.8 %        3.7 %

     Helping family member      1.3 %        1.3 %

     (Total employed)         (48.0 %)     (51.2 %)      52.1 %

     Unemployed                 1.7 %        2.0 %        1.5 %

     Housewife/ man            13.8 %       12.6 %       12.8 %

     Retired                   24.3 %       20.6 %       21.6 %

     In education               6.7 %        8.7 %

     Others not in lab. force   5.6 %        5.0 %





     (Educational and employment status categories are not fully

     comparable between sample and census data).

















             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  46





     Hungary - H





     The Sample





     The original sample consisted of 1000 persons. They were

     selected by cluster sampling. The first step was to select

     the communities and to determine the number of persons to be

     asked in each settlement. This first step was made in a way

     so as to obtain a sample which displays the same means and

     standard deviations on a number of variables concerning to

     the social, demographic, economic, and geographic characte-

     ristics of the community as the Hungarian adult population.

     Data about the characteristics of the communities were taken

     from the 1980 census.

     At second step random samples were taken from the adult

     population of each selected community. The list of persons

     (and their addresses) were provided by the Population

     Register Bureau.

     The proportion of the drop-outs was 26.1 % of the original

     sample.





     Response rate:





     Failure of the interview is      Total          Drop-

     due to the fact that:            sample %       outs    %

     ____________________________________________________________



     1. Respondent was unable to answer

        (because of illness or having

        been drunk)                         2.2             8.4

     2. Respondent rejected being inter-

        viewed                              5.4            20.7

     3. Respondent did not live at home

        temporarily                         5.3            20.4

     4. Respondent moved to a new flat or

        house (new address unknown)         5.7            21.7

     5. Address was wrong                   1.8             6.9

     6. Respondent died                     2.1             8.2

     7. Somebody else from the family

        of the respondent already was

        asked)                              0.3             1.3

     8. Other reasons                       3.3            12.5

     _____________________________________________________________



     Total                                 26.1           100.1





     In most cases, 'other reasons' (8) means that the respondent

     could not be found at home.





     Language:             Hungarian















             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  47







     Proportion of failure's reasons by sex:





     Failure of the interview is           Males         Females

     due to the fact that:                   %              %

     ____________________________________________________________



     1. Respondent was unable to answer

        (because of illness or having

        been drunk)                         2.5            2.0

     2. Respondent rejected being inter-

        viewed                              5.5            5.3

     3. Respondent did not live at home

        temporarily                         6.8            4.2

     4. Respondent moved to a new flat or

        house (new address unknown)         6.2            5.3

     5. Address was wrong                   1.8            1.8

     6. Respondent died                     2.5            1.8

     7. Somebody else from the family

        of the respondent already was

        asked)                              0.2            0.4

     8. Other reasons                       4.3            2.4

     _____________________________________________________________



     Total                                 29.7           23.2





     As the tables shows, somehow greater proportion of drop-outs

     among males can be explained mainly by such reasons as num-

     ber 3 and 8.





     Proportion of failure's reasons amongst males and females

     belonging to different cohorts







     Males                                Females



     Year of

     birth:  -1928  29-48  49-58  59-70   -1928  29-48  49-58  59-70

     _______________________________________________________________



     1.       6.8    1.9    1.3    1.0     4.9    1.3    0.3    1.1

     2.       7.6    5.6    5.5    3.6     7.4    4.3    6.6    3.2

     3.       2.7    3.5    3.5   18.7     3.7    2.7    2.1    4.3

     4.       2.7    3.3   10.6    9.2     1.0    2.2    9.3    8.9

     5.       2.3    1.7    1.3    2.0     0.7    0.9    2.7    2.6

     6.      10.3    0.6    0.3    1.0     5.9    0.5    0.3    0.6

     7.        -      -     0.3    0.7     0.5    0.5    0.3    0.3

     8.       0.8    3.9    6.8    5.2     2.0    2.7    2.1    2.9

     _______________________________________________________________



     Total   33.1   20.4   29.7   41.3    33.1   15.2   23.8   23.8





     As the table shows, the members of the older generations are

     more likely to refuse answers or being unable to answer than

     younger respondents, but young males are very often far from

     home (because of being in the army, etc.).





             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  48









     Netherlands - NL







     Sample size:



     The sample of the original survey was 2008 cases, the non-

     response was about 28%. Out of these 2.008 respondents,

     1690 sent back the questionnaires, which makes for a

     response of about 84%.





     Sample type:



     Full probalility sample, based on a sample of adresses drawn

     from a data-set of the postal services.





     Response rate:



     The response on the original survey was 72%, the response on

     the written ISSP was 61%.





     Properties of the sample:



     Representative of the dutch population 16 and older.





     Weighting:



     No weighting has been applied





     Fieldwork dates:         September 1989 to January 1990





     Fieldwork methods:



     Self completion questionnaire as an appendix to a survey.





     Language:  Dutch





     Details



     The list of background variables deviates in minor ways from

     the ones in the past. This counts mainly for the households

     variables and the current employment status.























             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  49









     Italy - I









     Sample size:                1028 cases







     Sample type:                Probability with quotas







     Response rates:             Not available







     Properties of the sample:   Representative of the Italian

                                population







     Weighting:                 No







     Fieldwork dates:            Not available







     Fieldwork methods:          Personal interview







     Context:                    Italian Social Survey 1988/89







     Language:                   Italian













































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  50









     Norway - N







     Context







     The ISSP data are part of a survey called 'Work Conditions

     and Working Experiences 1989'. The survey was conducted under

     the supervision of the National Committee for Survey Research

     and the Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD).

     The survey was financed by the Norwegian Council for Science

     and the Humanities, and the Norwegian Council for Applied

     Social Research.







     Sample size





     Issued                               2488



       Achieved                           1848



       By enquete and postal follow-ups:  1291

       Last follow-up by telephone and

       personal interview:                 557







     Sample type





     In the Labour Force Studies a two stage sampling procedure

     is applied. Municipalities which are the primary sampling

     units (psu's) are divided into strata according to location,

     industrial structure and population size. Cities of more than

     30.000 inhabitants form separate strata. One psu is selected

     from each stratum.

     For each of the municipalities selected at the first stage a

     register of addresses (households) is established. A sample

     of households is then randomly selected from each of the

     municipalities' registers. The overall sampling probability

     is equal for all households.

     The ISSP sample is a random sample of persons in the Labour

     Force Studies.





























             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  51







     Response rates







     Original Sample                           No.        %

     _____________________________________________________________



     Issued                                 2.488

       Emmigrated, dead etc.                   18



     Adjusted sample                        2.470      100.0

       Refusals                               207        8.4

       Persons not met                        177        7.2

       Other non-response                     238        9.6



     Net sample                             1.848       74.8

     _____________________________________________________________







     Field work





     The field work was conducted by Central Bureau of Statistics

     of Norway in April and May 1989. The sample was selected

     from persons who had participated in the Labour Force

     Studies in January, February and March 1989. Most of the

     background variables are collected from the Labour Force

     Study data-set.

     Labour Force data were collected by telephone or personal

     interview.

     ISSP data were collected by postal self-completion

     questionnaire. The last follow-up, where 30.1% of the

     interviews were achieved, was conducted by telephone or

     personal interviews.







     Weighting:





     The data set includes a weight based on the estimating

     procedures in the Labour Force Studies.





     Language:                 Norwegian

































             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  52









     Properties of the Sample







                                                     Population

                                                     16-74 years

                                                     1 January 1989.

                                Non         Net      (The Central

                     Issued     Response    Sample   Register of Persons)

     ____________________________________________________________________



     Total             100        100        100         100

     ____________________________________________________________________





     Sex and Age %





     Men                52         53         51          50

     16-24 years        10         10         10          10

     25-44 years        21         20         22          21

     45-64 years        14         15         13          13

     65-74 years         7          9          6           6



     Women              48         47         49          50

     16-24 years         9          9          9          10

     25-44 years        19         16         20          20

     45-64 years        13         14         13          13

     65-74 years         7          8          6           7





     Region,  %





     Oslo, Akershus

     (County 2, 3,

     Central East)      22         26         21          21



     County 1,4-7

     (East)             28         26         28          24



     County 8-10

     (South)             8          7          8           9



     County 11-15

     (West)             23         22         23          25



     County 16,17

     (Middle)            8          8          8           9



     County 18-20

     (North)            11         11         12          12



     ____________________________________________________________________



     TOTAL N         2.488        640      1.848       3.065.682

     ____________________________________________________________________









             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  53





     Codebook Information



     The example below is a reproduction of information appearing

     in the machine readable codebook. The numbers in angular

     brackets < > do not appear in the codebook, but are references

     to the descriptions which follow the example.





     Example



     V5   - TIME DOING HOUSEHOLD -

      <1>    <2>



        Location   15   MD1: 9

        Width       1   MD2: 8  Dec.places:...

      <3>         <4>    <5>



      <6>

     Q.1b  Change the way to spend the time: Time doing household

     work?

     ------------------------------------------------------------

      <7>

     



         <8>  <9>



         1. Much more time

         2. A bit more time

         3. Same time as now

         4. A bit less time

         5. Much less time



         8. Can't choose, doesn't apply

         9. NA



      <10>





         D     GB   USA    A     H     NL    I    IRL   NIRL   N     IL

       I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

    1  I   33I   28I   51I   29I   61I   32I   23I   16I   18I   41I   92I

    %  I  2.3I  2.6I  3.7I  1.8I  6.6I  2.3I  2.4I  1.8I  2.7I  2.5I  8.6I

       I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

    2  I  110I  145I  284I  161I  200I  199I  148I  100I   86I  353I  282I

    %  I  7.8I 13.3I 20.5I  9.9I 21.6I 14.4I 15.7I 11.0I 13.1I 21.3I 26.3I

       I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

    3  I  756I  479I  534I 1107I  448I  793I  470I  456I  284I  972I  422I

    %  I 53.7I 43.8I 38.6I 68.1I 48.3I 57.4I 49.7I 50.4I 43.3I 58.7I 39.4I

       I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

    4  I  371I  256I  288I  229I  161I  256I  143I  231I  150I  203I  179I

    %  I 26.3I 23.4I 20.8I 14.1I 17.4I 18.5I 15.1I 25.5I 22.9I 12.3I 16.7I

       I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

    5  I  138I  185I  227I  100I   57I  102I  161I  102I  118I   87I   97I

    %  I  9.8I 16.9I 16.4I  6.2I  6.1I  7.4I 17.0I 11.3I 18.0I  5.3I  9.0I

       I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

    8  I 165MI 139MI  26MI 371MI  24MI 128MI  80MI  67MI  92MI 129MI  51MI

       I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I

       I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

    9  I   2MI  65MI  43MI     I  49MI 180MI   3MI     I  32MI  63MI  10MI

       I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I     I

       I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I-----I

   Sum  1575  1297  1453  1997  1000  1650  1028  972   780   1848  1133



             (C) Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung Koeln

ZA-No. 1840              I S S P  1989   WORK ORIENTATIONS        Page  54











     Explanations







     <1>   A variable (and reference) number have been assigned to

         each item in the study. In the present codebook which

         documents the archived data set, these numbers are identi-

         cal. Should the data set be subsetted or rearranged the

         variable numbers might change to reflect the order of the

         new data set while the reference numbers would remain

         unchanged to provide a link to the archived data set.

     <2>   Indicates the abbreviated (24 character maximum) variable

         label used within OSIRIS or SPSS system files.

     <3>   "Location" indicates the starting position of the variable

         when the dataset is stored in the OSIRIS format."Width"

         describes the number of positions of the variable.

     <4>   "MD" indicates the designation of the missing data. MD1 indi-

         cates an explicit defined single value. MD2 designates a

         single value or a value range, i.e. all values equal or

         greater than this value have been declared missing.

         Although these categories are defined as missing data

         categories, this does not mean that the user should not

         or cannot use these codes if so desired.

     <5>   If a variable contains implied decimals, the message

         "Dec.places: xx" appears here, where xx is the number

         of decimal places.

     <6>   Indicates the full question text taken from the British

         questionnaire. Wherever possible the original sequence

         of questions has been retained, although some changes

         were necessary to integrate the different national

         questionnaires.

     <7>   Indicates commentaries and explanations added during the

         processing of the study. < > within question or answer

         texts may indicate whether the questionnaire in a parti-

         cular country is deviating from the general format.

     <8>   Indicates the code value for the single answer category.

     <9>   Indicates the textual definition of the codes.

         Abbreviations commonly used are DK (don't know), NA (no

         answer), Can't choose, Not applicable and Not available.

     <10>  Indicates percentaged frequencies by country. This form

         is used whenever code categories have the same meaning

         for all countries. Column percentages are based only on

         "valid cases". Missing data values were excluded from

         percentages.

































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