ISSP 92 - Preface - Social Inequality II - ZA No. 2310





Acknowledgement of Assistance







All manuscripts utilizing data made available through the

Zentralarchiv fuer empirische Sozialforschung should acknowledge

that fact as well as identify the original collectors of the

data. We kindly ask all users to follow some adaptation of the

following statement:





        The data utilized in this (publication) were documented and

        made available by the ZENTRALARCHIV FUER EMPIRISCHE

        SOZIALFORSCHUNG, KOELN. The data for the 'ISSP' were

        collected by independent institutions in each country (e.g.

        the Australian survey was conducted by the NSSS at the

        Australian National University (J. Kelley, M. Evans, C.

        Bean)). Neither the original collectors nor the

        ZENTRALARCHIV bear any responsibility for the analyses or

        interpretation presented here



In order to provide funding agencies with essential information

about the use of archival resources, and to facilitate the

exchange of information about research activities based on the

ZENTRALARCHIV's holdings, each user is expected to send two

copies of each completed manuscript to the ZENTRALARCHIV.

































Please note



All marginals in this documentation are calculated from



unweighted data







Please consider also that - especially in the section of

thebackground variables - the same code-values do not always have

the same meaning for each country. The differences are documented

in this codebook.

















  Table of Contents





  An Introduction to the ISSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-4



  Study Descriptions and Comparisons with the Current

  Census or other Population Surveys. . . . . .I- 6



     Australia  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I- 7

     Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-10

     Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-12

     Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-16

     Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-17

     Germany (West) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-18

     Germany (East) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-20

     Great Britain  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-21

     Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-23

     Italy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-26

     New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-28

     Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-31

     Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-34

     Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-36

     Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-39

     Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-42

     Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-45

     USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-46



  Codebook Information  . . . . . . . . . . . .I-48



  Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-49



  Codebook  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1



  Appendix: Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253



   1  Country specific Frequencies. . . . . . . 253

   2  Occupation Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

   3  Industry Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

   4  Region Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

   5  Place of Residence. . . . . . . . . . . . 398

   6  Protestant Denominations. . . . . . . . . 400



  Variable List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403



An Introduction to the ISSP





The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a voluntary

grouping of study teams in eleven nations (soon to become

thirteen or fourteen), each of which undertakes to run a short,

annual self-completion survey containing an agreed set of

questions asked of a probability-based, nation-wide sample of

adults. The topics change from year to year by agreement, with

a view to replication every five years or so. The questions

themselves are developed by subgroups and then thrashed out at

an annual meeting attended by representatives of each national

team. At the last meeting in May 1989, in London, there were 29

participants from the 11 national teams, including

representatives of the ISSP's  'official' data archive, the

Zentralarchiv at the University of Cologne. A constitution of

sorts has now been adopted by members of the ISSP. It contains,

for instance, rules of entry for new members and responsibilities

of membership. The primary duty of each member is, of course, to

run every annual module (or at least nearly every one) in the

agreed format. But there are no central funds for the ISSP: each

national team covers the costs of its own piloting, fieldwork,

data preparation, travel to meetings and so on. Since the ISSP

has agreed to use one language for drafting and for meetings -

(British) English -  there are no central translation costs.



    Improbable as it may seem, this general formula has worked

well so far. The annual questionnaires for instance (contrary to

all advice and experience) have actually been designed for the

most part in committee, and though inevitably flawed, are no less

successful than most. Admittedly, this success owes a lot to

careful prior development work by drafting groups and to

subsequent adjustments after piloting. In any event, fascinating

data are already beginning to emerge.



    A fuller treatment than is given here, of the results

generated so far by the series, is to be provided in the first

ISSP Report, a book funded by the European Cultural Foundation

and due to be published by the Netherlands Social and Cultural

Planning Bureau (SCP) in 1990.



    As may by now be apparent, the ISSP has grown and developed

somewhat haphazardly, and this pattern shows every sign of

continuing as long as it seems to work. The ISSP certainly came

into life without much serious planning, having emerged as a

vague idea during an impromptu meeting the two of us in 1983

whose purpose was primarily to exchange experiences and explore

opportunities for borrowing each other's questions.



    At that stage, the British Social Attitudes Survey (BSAS) was

still in its first year, but had just received news that it was

to be given at least a four-year life span through the generosity

of the Sainsbury Family Charitable Trusts. The US General Social

Survey (GSS), in contrast, was some 12 years old and had already

acted as something of a role-model for other national series,

including the BSAS itself, the West German Allgemeine

Bevoelkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS) (started

in 1980) and the Australian National Social Science Survey (NSSS)

(which was about to take its first fieldwork round).







As is usual at such meetings, we were bemoaning the fact that

survey questions are poor travellers, especially across national

and cultural boundaries. The BSAS, for instance, despite

intentions to the contrary, had managed to transplant only one

or two questions directly from the GSS. The West German ALLBUS

contained a few more replications as a result of a  specific

bilateral agreement with the GSS. But a long-standing problem for

all national time-series of this sort was, and is, that the

concern for a year-by-year comparability within a country is

often conflict with a concern of comparability between countries.

Since funding is almost from national sources, the choice both

of topics and of question-wording tends to reflect national

rather than cross-national priorities.



    So the conclusion we reached in 1983 was that the ideal way

of securing a greater element of cross-national comparability

should probably be via a standardised bolt-on supplementary

questionnaire designed specifically for that purpose. With this

in mind, SCPR sought and obtained a small grant from the Nuffield

Foundation for convening a meeting (and then another) between

representatives of the other three national social attitudes

surveys which we already had some contact - those in Australia,

West Germany, and the USA. There, the idea of a bolt-on,

mutually-designed series of supplementary questionnaires could

be aired and, perhaps, taken further.



  As it turned out, the idea was warmly received by all four

groups, who also decided that these supplements should be in a

self-completion format, primarily for reasons of cost and to

avoid adding to the already long, personal interviews. At the

following meeting, the first bolt-on module, on the role of

government, was developed and scheduled for fielding in 1985.



  It was later translated into American English, Australian

English and German to obtain functionally-equivalent rather than

identical wordings. Although we were not quite aware of it at the

time, the ISSP had effectively started. Since then, several other

modules have been designed and fielded, the membership has grown

threefold, and the structure has become a bit more bureaucratic,

but not (yet) unduly so.











 Exerpt from:

 James A. Davis and Roger Jowell:

 Measuring national differences, in:

 Jowell, R., Witherspoon, S., Brook, L.:

 British Social Attitudes - special international report;

 6th report, pp. 2f., Oxford 1989.



Study descriptions





To differentiate countries in the crosstabulations within this

codebook we have decided to use (mainly) the international

automobile identification codes:







                AUS     -       Australia



                D-W     -       West Germany



                D-E     -       East Germany



                GB      -       Great Britain



                USA     -       United States of America



                H       -       Hungary



                A       -       Austria



                I       -       Italy



                S       -       Sweden



                N       -       Norway



                SLO     -       Slovenia



                BG      -       Bulgaria



                PL      -       Poland



                CS      -       Czechoslovakia



                RUS     -       Russia



                NZ      -       New Zealand



                CDN     -       Canada



                RP      -       Philippines



Study description:          Australia



Study-Title:                National Social Science Survey (NSSS) 1993



Fieldwork Dates:            March to July 1993



Principal Investigators:    Jonathan Kelley, Clive Bean,

                            Mariah Evans



Sample Type:                Panel of respondents from the earlier NSSS

                            'Family' and 'Lifestyles' surveys, conducted

                            in late 1989 and early 1990 (from which the

                            socio-demographic bachground variables for

                            the 1993 data are taken). The sample for

                            these two surveys was a nationwide simple

                            random sample covering the whole of

                            Australia, drawn from the (compulsory)

                            Australian federal electoral rolls by the

                            Australian Electoral Commission. Potential

                            respondents were eligible for inclusion in

                            the sample if they had completed the Family

                            or Lifestyle surveys, had not indicated that

                            they did not wish to participate further and

                            were still contactable at the same address.

                            The simple random sampling method means that

                            standard statistical tests are appropriate

                            (i.e., without the downward adjustment of

                            effective sample size appropriate for the

                            clustered sample designs usual in face-to-

                            face interviews).



Fieldwork Institute:        NSSS, Research School of Social

                            Sciences, Institute of Advanced

                            Studies, Australian National

                            University, in conjunction with

                            Datacol



Fieldwork Methods:          Self-completion questionnaire mailed out to

                            respondents and returned by reply-paid mail.

                            Potential non-respondents were pursued by up

                            to two follow-up mailings.



Context of ISSP

questionnaire:              Part of NSSS 1993



Sample Size:                2203  - ISSP



Response Rates:

                            5860     A - Total issued - total sample

                            2818     B - Ineligible - out of scope

                            3042     C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                         sample)

                            2203     D - Total ISSP questionnaires received

                                     E - (= C - D; F + G + H)

                            839      F - Refusals



Language:                   English



Weighted:                   No



National Population Characteristics: Australia







                      Source 1            Source 2            Source 3

                      Census 1991         NSSS 1989-90        NSSS 1993



Gender



 Male                   49.0 %             49.5 %              53.3 %

 Female                 51.0 %             50.5 %              46.7 %

 (N)                                       (6037)              (2197)



Age Groups



 18 - 24                15.4 %             11.7 %               8.6 %

 25 - 34                22.1 %             22.3 %              19.0 %

 35 - 44                20.7 %             22.8 %              23.5 %

 45 - 54                14.8 %             16.3 %              18.2 %

 45 - 64                11.5 %             13.3 %              16.2 %

 65+                    15.5 %             13.6 %              14.6 %

 (N)                                       (5971)              (2153)



Age Left School



 Under 15/none          18.3 %             18.3 %              17.6 %

 15                     24.0 %             23.5 %              22.4 %

 16                     22.0 %             23.4 %              23.6 %

 17                     18.5 %             21.1 %              21.9 %

 18                     10.7 %             10.7 %              11.9 %

 19 and over             6.6 %              3.0 %               2.7 %

 (N)                                       (5666)              (2144)



Employment Status



 Employed               57.6 %             65.0 %              65.6 %

 Unemployed              6.8 %              2.4 %               1.5 %

 Not in labour force    35.6 %             32.8 %              32.9 %

 (N)                                       (5099)              (1972)



Occupation of employed persons



 Managers and

 administrators         13.8 %             12.5 %              14.6 %

 Professionals          14.3 %             18.4 %              20.7 %

 Para-professionals      7.6 %             11.2 %              12.1 %

 Tradespersons          14.0 %             12.3 %              11.9 %

 Clerks                 16.3 %             16.6 %              15.2 %

 Sales and personal

 service                13.2 %             12.2 %               9.8 %

 Plant and machine

 operators               7.9 %              6.9 %               6.2 %

 Labourers and related

 workers                12.8 %             10.0 %               9.6 %

 (N)                                       (3407)              (1229)

Study description:          Austria



Study-Title:                Austrian Social Survey 1993 Survey



Fieldwork Dates:            February to March 1993



Principal Investigators:    Prof. Dr. Max Haller, Dr. Franz

                            Hoellinger



Sample Type:                The ISSP 1991 and ISSP 1992 were fielded

                            together with the Austrian Social Survey

                            1993. The whole sample is divided into two

                            sub-samples which contain at times the one

                            or other ISSP-questionnaire. The sample is

                            a three stage stratified person random

                            sample. The sample-points are selected

                            according to the criteria of region and size

                            of place. Within the household the

                            interviewer has to select the respondent

                            among the household-members over 16 years of

                            age according to a random method.



Fieldwork Institute:        Institute Fessl & GfK, Vienna



Fieldwork Methods:          Face-to-face interview



Context of ISSP

questionnaire:              Part of the 'Austrian Social Survey 1993'



Sample Size:                1027



Response Rates:             Not available; probably similar to previous

                            Austrian ISSP-studies



Language:                   German



Weighted:                   Yes



Weighting procedure:        Weighting corrects the compound

                            dataset of the 'Austrian Social

                            Survey 1993' to the most recent Austrian

                            Mikrocensus data. The weighted

                            ISSP 1991 dataset gives slightly

                            different marginals from the

                            weighted overall dataset. Due to

                            the fieldwork method (face-to-

                            face interviews in private

                            households) the economically

                            active population is considerably

                            underrepresented in the sample.

National Population Characteristics: Austria





                        Source 1                Source 2

                        Austrian Social         ISSP 92 sample

                        Survey 93,              unweighted

                        weighted

                        (based on

                        Microcensus 91)





Total                     N=2011                N=1027



Gender



 Male                     47.5 %                  42.6 %

 Female                   52.5 %                  57.4 %



Age Groups



 16 - 24                  16.0 %                  12.7 %

 25 - 44                  37.3 %                  36.2 %

 45 - 64                  28.7 %                  25.9 %

 65+                      18.0 %                  15.3 %



Employment status



 Employed                 56.7 %                  47.4 %

 Unemployed                2.4 %                   3.7 %

 Student                   4.7 %                   4.4 %

 Housewife                11.4 %                  14.5 %

 Retired                  22.6 %                  27.1 %

 Others                    2.2 %                   1.7 %



Education



 Compulsory school        30.6 %                  32.6 %

 Compulsory school with

 vocational training      34.5 %                  30.7 %

 Middle school            14.9 %                  16.0 %

 Higher education below

 university               15.1 %                  15.2 %

 University                4.9 %                   4.5 %



Study description:          Bulgaria





Study-Title:                ISSP Inequality II Bulgarian Survey 1993



Fieldwork Dates:            March 8, 1993 - March 31, 1993



Principal Investigators:    Lilia Dimova, Institute for Trade

                            Union and Social Research, Sofia; Co-

                            Investigator: Alexander Stoyanov and Todor

                            Kaloyanov, Center for the Study of

                            Democracy, Sofia



Sample Type:                The sampling model used is that of a two-

                            stage cluster sample with a preliminary

                            stratification of the clusters by a

                            technical variable: the number of voters in

                            each electoral section (the electoral

                            sections are those of the last parliamentary

                            elections of October, 1991; total number:

                            12454). The June 1993 Bulgarian sample

                            contains 175 clusters, each with 9 persons

                            which makes a total of 1575 persons. The

                            clusters and the repondents within the

                            clusters are chosen at random. Each of the

                            interviewers was supplied with a list

                            containing the names and the addresses of

                            the respondents to be interviewed.

                            At the field stage no replacements were

                            allowed. The interviewers were instructed to

                            record the necessary information for all

                            inaccessible repondents.



Fieldwork Methods:          The method employed is face-to-face

                            interview. The ISSP Module Context:

                            questionnaire was organized in 4 sections

                            (A,B,C and D). Sections A and B contain the

                            ISSP Module; section C is supplied by the

                            Bulgarian investigator and accounts for

                            about 30% of the total size of the

                            questionnaire; section D contains all

                            demographic variables. The general

                            impression is that the interview was well

                            accepted, especially by younger repondents.

                            Problems were encountered in the group of

                            older representatives of the Turkish and the

                            Gypsy minorities with a lower educational

                            level.



Sample Size:                1575



Response Rates:             1575     A -  Total issued - total sample

                              81     B -  Ineligible

                            1494     C -  Total eligible (in scope

                                          sample)

                            1198     D -  Total ISSP questionnaires

                                          received

                              296    E - Total non-response



                            Missing questionnaires can be grouped

                            according to the variuos reasons as follow



                              81     B -  new and wrong address

                              32     F -  firm refusal to be interviewed

                             153     G -  temporary absence (being in

                                          hospital, in a

                                          business trip etc.)



                              28     G -  emigration

                              43     G -  non-contacts

                               6     H -  military service

                              34     H -  dead



                             377     Total



                            The main reasons for refusals were:

                            principal unwillingness to be interviewed,

                            poor health condition, and age.

                            As a whole the number of inaccessible

                            respondents did not, in our opinion, affect

                            the representativeness of the real sample.

                            The average number of interviews per

                            interviewer is 15.



Language:                   Bulgarian



Weighted:                   No



Known systematic            The above sampling model has been employed

properties                  in many previous properties of surveys and

                            produces good results. There are no reasons

                            to the sample: indicating impacts of non

                            stochastic factors that could produce biased

                            results.



National Population Characteristics: Bulgaria



                              Source 1

                              Census of population

                              1992



 Total                          100.00 %



 Gender



 Male                            49.14 %

 Female                          50.86 %



 Age Groups



 18 - 19                          3.66 %

 20 - 29                         16.69 %

 30 - 39                         17.69 %

 40 - 49                         18.33 %

 50 - 59                         16.29 %

 60 - 69                         15.82 %

 70 +                            11.50 %



 Education



 Uncompleted primary             11.50 %

 Primary                         38.12 %

 Secondary                       38.35 %

 Semi-higher                      4.16 %

 University                       9.72 %



 Employment status



 employed                        41.30 %

 unemployed                      14.30 %

 not in labour

 force, NA                       44.40 %



 Marital status



 Single                          18.10 %

 Married                         67.90 %

 Divorced                         3.80 %

 Widowed                         10.20 %



 Regions



 Sofia-city                      14.20 %

 Burgas                           9.88 %

 Varna                           10.59 %

 Lovetch                         12.33 %

 Montana                          7.66 %

 Plovdiv                         14.20 %

 Ruse                             9.03 %

 Sofia                           11.58 %

 Haskovo                         10.54 %



 Ethnic origin



 Bulgarian                       85.80 %

 Turkish                          9.70 %

 Gypsy                            3.40 %

 Other                            1.10 %



 Mother language



 Bulgarian                       86.30 %

 Turkish                          9.80 %

 Gypsy                            3.00 %

 Other                            0.90 %









Study Description:          Canada





Study-Title:                ISSP Inequality Survey 1992



Principal Investigators:    Alan Frizzell, Carleton

                            University, Ottawa



Sample Type:                A stratified multi-stage sampling method was

                            employed using as the primary strata the

                            five main regions; Atlantic Canada, Quebec,

                            Ontario, Western Canada and British

                            Columbia. Within these regions major sub-

                            areas were randomly selected from  Federal

                            Electoral Districts. Within each of these

                            districts two Enumeration Areas were

                            randomly selected. Using Census maps the

                            first two streets that began with the letter

                            G and S and contained more than 50

                            residential units were then chosen resulting

                            in a total of 64 sampling frames.

                            Interviewers were instructed to divide the

                            number of residences on any given street by

                            the number of sample points required. In-

                            home sampling used the 'first birthday'

                            technique.



Fieldwork Methods:          A total of 1395 questionnaires were

                            distributed. Interviewers were instructed to

                            reteurn the next day to collect the

                            completed questionnaires.



Sample Size:                1004



Response Rates:             1395     A - Total issued - total sample

                              37     B - Not eligible

                            1358     C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                         sample)

                            1004     D - Total ISSP questionnaires received

                                         Response rate: 73,9 %

                             354     E - Non-responses

                             216     F - Refusals

                             138     G - Non-contact



Language:                   English, French



Weighted:                   Yes



Weighting Procedure:        The data are weighted for age,

                            sex and province using the 1991

                            Statistics Canada census

                            parameters.

Study description:          Czechoslovakia



Study-Title:                ISSP Inequality II Czechoslovak Survey 1992



Fieldwork Dates:            October 16, 1992 - November 6, 1992



Principal Investigators:    Petr Mateju, Blanka Rehakova,

                            Institute of Sociology, Academy

                            of Sciences of the Czech

                            Republic, Research Team on Social

                            Stratification, Prague



Sample Type:                The sampling model used is that of a two-

                            stage random sample: stage one: localities

                            (fixed sample)

                            stage two: random sample of individuals in

                            localities from the Central Register of

                            Population (Czechoslovakia).



Fieldwork Institute:        STEM (Center for empirical studies)



Fieldwork Methods:          The ISSP module Inequality was implemented

                            as a first of the Module Context:

                            questionnaire prepared by the Institute of

                            Sociology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,

                            Prague. Data were collected both in Czech

                            Republic and Slovak Republic. Proportion of

                            cases in the file corresponds to the

                            proportion of populations of Czech and

                            Slovak Republics.



Sample Size:                1101



Response Rates:             1447     A - Total issued - total sample

                              42     B - Ineligible

                            1405     C - (=A - B) Total eligible (in

                                         scope sample)

                             304     D - Non-responses

                            1101     E - Total ISSP questionnaires

                                         received



Language:                   Czech, Slovak versions of the questionnaire



Weighted:                   No

Study description:          Germany



Study-Title:                ALLBUS 1992



Fieldwork Dates:            May, 1992 to June, 1992



Principal Investigators:    ZUMA - ZA



Sample Type:                Address Random with a multi-stage design of

                            German adults aged 18 years and older in

                            private households. In Germany (West) a

                            modified ADM design was used whereas in

                            Germany (East) the Infratest Mastersample

                            East with a following random route was

                            applied.



Fieldwork Institute:        Infratest, Munich and Infratest

                            Burke, Berlin



Fieldwork Methods:          Self-completion questionnaire as 'drop off'





Context of ISSP

questionnaire:              ALLBUS 1992



Sample Size:                3391 - ISSP



Response Rates:             6750  A - Total issued - total sample

                              25  B - Ineligible

                            6725  C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                      sample) main survey

                                      (ALLBUS 1992)

                            3174  D - Non-responses

                            3548  E - Valid responses (interviews)

                            3391    - Total ISSP questionnaires received

                             157  F - Refusals



Language:                   German



Weighted:                   No



Publication:                Braun, Michael, Eilinghoff, Carmen, Gabler,

                            Siegfried, Wiedenbeck, Michael:

                            Methodenbericht zur 'Allgemeinen

                            Bevoelkerungsumfrage der

                            Sozialwissenschaften' (ALLBUS) 1992.



National Population Characteristics: Germany (West)





                        Source 1                Source 2

                        Microcensus 89          ALLBUS 1992



 Gender



 Male                     47.1 %                  47.2 %

 Female                   52.9 %                  52.8 %



 Age Groups



 18 - 19                   3.2 %                   1.7 %

 20 - 24                  10.3 %                   7.2 %

 25 - 29                  10.4 %                  11.1 %

 30 - 34                   8.8 %                  12.1 %

 35 - 39                   8.0 %                  10.0 %

 40 - 44                   6.9 %                   9.0 %

 45 - 49                   8.9 %                   6.7 %

 50 - 54                   9.2 %                   8.7 %

 55 - 59                   7.2 %                   7.2 %

 60 - 64                   7.3 %                   7.1 %

 65 - 69                   6.9 %                   6.8 %

 70 +                     12.9 %                  12.2 %



 Professional status



 Self-employed             5.8 %                   4.8 %

 Civil servants            4.8 %                   5.2 %

 Employees                23.0 %                  25.0 %

 Labourers                18.3 %                  14.9 %

 Not in labour

 force, NA                48.1 %                  50.2 %



 Education



 Lower secondary qualification

 without vocational training

                          26.1 %                  13.6 %

 Lower secondary qualification

 with vocational training

                          37.4 %                  40.1 %

 Middle school qualification

                          20.4 %                  23.3 %

 Abitur                    8.4 %                  10.8 %

 University degree         7.6 %                  12.1 %



National Population Characteristics: Germany (East)



                                                 Source 1



 Gender



 Male                                             47.8 %

 Female                                           52.2 %



 Age structure



 Children - 15 years                              21.6 %

 Age able to work 16-65 years                     62.3 %

 Pensionable age                                  16.1 %



 Employed in:

 Industry/construction                            46.8 %

 Agriculture, forestry                            11.4 %

 Science, culture, education, health              16.0 %



Study Description:          Great Britain



Study-Title:                British Social Attitudes 1991/ ISSP 1992



Fieldwork Dates:            June 1992 to September 1992



Principal Investigators:    Roger Jowell and Lindsay Brook



Sample Type:                Stratified random probability. In 1991 there

                            was a split-sample experiment with half the

                            sample taken from the Electoral Registers

                            and half taken from the Postcode Address

                            File. The sample is designed to be

                            representative of adults aged 18 or over

                            living in private accomodation in Great

                            Britain.



Fieldwork Methods:          Postal self-completion questionnaire sent to

                            the repondents of the 1991 survey who had

                            agreed to be re-contacted and who had not

                            been selected for the environment module

                            pilot in April 1992.



Sample Size:                Achieved ISSP sample was 1066.



Response Rates:             2067     A - Total issued - total sample

                             147     B - Not eligible

                            1920     C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                         sample)

                            1066     D - Total ISSP questionnaires received



                             867     E - Non-responses

                              72     F - Refusals

                             661     G - Non-contact

                             121       - Other



                            The 'other' category consists of cases where

                            the wrong person filled in the

                            questionnaire. These respondents were

                            recontacts people who had been interviewed

                            in 1991, and if the age and gender of the

                            1992 questionnaire was different from the

                            1991 questionnaire the 1992 case was

                            rejected on the grounds that it appeared to

                            have been completed by a different family

                            member.



Language:                   English



Weighted:                   Yes



Weighting Procedure:        See: Lindsay Brook, Gillian

                            Prior, Bridget Taylor: British

                            Social Attitudes 1991 Survey;

                            Technical Report; Social and

                            Community Planning Research,

                            London 1992

National Population Characteristics: Great Britain



                                        Source 1               Source 2

                                        GHS                    BSA 1992



 Gender



 Male                                     48.0 %                 47.0 %

 Female                                   52.0 %                 53.0 %



 Age Groups



 Male



 25 - 34                                  12.0 %                 10.0 %

 35 - 44                                  10.0 %                 11.0 %

 45 - 59                                  12.0 %                 14.0 %

 60 - 64                                   4.0 %                  4.0 %

 65 +                                     10.0 %                  8.0 %



 Female



 25 - 34                                  12.0 %                 12.0 %

 35 - 44                                  10.0 %                 12.0 %

 45 - 59                                  12.0 %                 14.0 %

 60 - 64                                   4.0 %                  4.0 %

 65 +                                     14.0 %                 11.0 %



 Years of full-time education



 under 10                                 17.0 %

 11                                       27.0 %

 12                                       27.0 %

 13                                        8.0 %

 14                                        6.0 %

 15 or more                               16.0 %



 Unemployment rate



 May 1991                                  7.7 %

Study description:          Hungary



Study-Title:                ISSP 1992: Inequality II module - The

                            Hungarian Survey



Fieldwork Dates:            October 1992



Principal Investigator:     Tamas Kolosi, TARKI, Budapest



Sample Type:                Originally 1500 questionnaires were planned

                            to be fielded. The sample was a subsample of

                            the 3000 persons interviewed in Spring 1992

                            with the TARKI-Mobility questionnaire. In

                            addition to the Inequality module, the

                            questionnaire included a section on the

                            perception elite and some questions on

                            political preferences. We included some

                            items for the NSSS, Australian National

                            University, too. All these questions were

                            placed after the Inequality module. The

                            original sample of 3000 was staged

                            proportional random sample. The first stage

                            of sampling was constituted by the selection

                            of communities, the second stage was the

                            selection of individuals. The sample

                            consisted of 2x1500 respondents and both of

                            these subsamples were expected to be

                            representative regarding the sex, age and

                            regional distribution of Hungarian

                            population. Because the sample of the

                            Inequality Module was a subsample of the

                            Mobility survey, we were not able to use

                            supplementary addresses so the planned

                            sample was reduced to N=1250.



Fieldwork Institute:        TARKI, Budapest



Fieldwork Methods:          Personal interviews



Sample Size:                1250



Response Rates:



        Most frequent causes of unsuccessful attempts to conduct

        the interviews (N=250):



        In proportion of all failed interviews



        R was unable to answer (e.g. ill, drunken)             10.5%

        Refusal                                                42.7 %

        Temporarily far from home                              14.1 %

        Address has changed                                     4.8 %

        Address was wrong                                       0.8 %

        R died since Sprint of 1992 cannot be

        found at home by three times a visit                   18.2%

        Other reasons                                           6.9 %

        Total                                                 100.0 %

        The proportion of dropouts was 16.6 % of the original

        sample of 1500 resulting a final N=1250. The most

        frequented reasons of unsuccessful attempts to re-interview

        was the refusing of interview. This failure was more

        typical in Budapest, in the case of men, for middle-aged

        (30-39) and very old (70-X) respondents. Therefore these

        socio-demographic categories are underrepresented in our

        sample compared with the sample of 2% of Census of 1990,

        (the most recent one for the Hungarian population).



Language:                   Hungarian



Weighted:                   Yes



Weighting procedure:        In order to correct the sampling

                            error we computed a weighting variable

                            taking into account the type of residence,

                            sex, age and highest educational level. The

                            weight of each cases was computed as WEIGHT=

                            (n/n')*(N'/N), where N=153553 (respondent

                            above the age of 18 in the 2 % sample of the

                            1990 census), N'=1250, n=frequency of the

                            population category in the census subsample

                            the case belongs to, n'=the parallel

                            frequency in the Inequality Module of TARKI.



National Population Characteristics: Hungary



                               Source 1                 Source 2

                               Census of                Hungarian Survey

                               Population 1990          1992



 Total                           100.0 %                100.0 %



 Gender



 Male                             46.8 %                 46.2 %

 Female                           53.2 %                 53.8 %



 Age Groups



 18 - 29                          19.8 %                 20.0 %

 30 - 39                          20.8 %                 18.9 %

 40 - 49                          18.2 %                 18.2 %

 50 - 59                          15.4 %                 17.3 %

 60 - 69                          14.6 %                 15.4 %

 70 - X                           11.1 %                 10.2 %



 Type of residence



 Budapest                         20.1 %                 18.1 %

 Other city                       41.4 %                 43.8 %

 Village                          38.5 %                 38.1 %





Study Description:          Italy



Study-Title:                Indagne Sociale Internationale (ISI) 1992



Fieldwork Institute:        EURISCO



Principal Investigators:    Gabriele Calvi



Sample Type:                The sample criteria adopted was a random

                            route one. The survey is fully

                            representative of the Italian population

                            aged between 14 and 74.



Fieldwork Methods:          Personal interviews.



Sample Size:                996



Context of ISSP

questionnaire:              Indagne Sociale Internationale 1992



Language:                   Italian



Weighted:                   Yes







National Population Characteristics: Italy



                                Source 1

                                Census 1991



 Gender

 Male                             48.5 %

 Female                           51.5 %



 Age Groups



 14 - 17                           7.0 %

 18 - 24                          14.5 %

 25 - 34                          18.1 %

 35 - 44                          17.6 %

 45 - 54                          16.5 %

 55 - 64                          15.5 %

 65 - 74                          10.8 %



 Education



 Elemantary school                25.2 %

 Lower high school                27.3 %

 High school                      36.4 %

 University, with or

 without degree                   11.2 %



 Occupation



 Professionals                     1.8 %

 Managers, Executives             15.4 %

 Self-employed                    12.2 %

 Labourers                        19.0 %

 Housewife                        19.9 %

 Students                         10.8 %

 Retired                          14.3 %

 Unemployed                        6.5 %



 Geographic areas



 North-West                       27.1 %

 North-East                       18.4 %

 Centre                           19.1 %

 South & Islands                  35.4 %



 Status

 Low                              29.2 %

 Average                          53.8 %

 High                             17.0 %

Study description:          New Zealand



Study-Title:                ISSP 1992 Survey: New Zealanders' Attitudes

                            to Social Inequality



Fieldwork Dates:            August to September 1992



Principal Investigators:    P. Gendall, Massey University,

                            Palmerston North, New Zealand



Sample Type:                The sample was selected using the 1990 New

                            Zealand electoral rolls which contain the

                            names of all registered voters over the age

                            of 18 years. New Zealand is divided into 97

                            electorates of approximately equal size. A

                            systematic random sample was taken from each

                            electorate. There were no age or sex quotas

                            and, because the electoral rolls were used,

                            the sample reflects the distribution of the

                            population over 20 years of age (the

                            electoral roll was two years old in 1992).



Fieldwork Institute:        Department of Marketing, Massey

                            University



Fieldwork Methods:          Mail survey: The questionnaire was

                            administered in three waves. An initial

                            questionnaire was sent to the 2152 selected

                            participants along with a covering letter

                            explaining the study. Twenty-one days later

                            a reminder package was sent to non-

                            respondents. A second reminder was posted to

                            remaining non-respondents after a further 13

                            days.



Sample Size:                1239



Response Rates:             2152   A - Total issued - total sample

                             328   B - Ineligible

                            1824   C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                       sample)

                                   D - Non-responses

                            1239   E - Total ISSP questionnaires received

                             118   F - Refusals



Language:                   English



Weighted:                   No

National Population Characteristics: New Zealand



                               Source 1                Source 2

                          Key Statistics                June 92

                               31 Dec 91            (estimated)



Gender



Male                           1.699.500              1.686.200

Female                         1.750.200              1.728.200





Age Groups                   31 March 91            31 March 92



under 5                          278.750                286.330

5 - 9                            253.110                255.760

10 - 14                          256.820                254.800

15 - 19                          287.730                280.390

20 - 24                          276.920                284.320

25 - 29                          278.770                271.350

30 - 34                          277.290                287.370

35 - 39                          249.510                253.090

40 - 44                          239.470                236.590

45 - 49                          189.250                192.900

50 - 54                          161.760                171.650

55 - 59                          139.800                140.010

60 - 64                          142.910                142.220

65 - 69                          129.040                131.220

70 - 74                          101.240                105.080

75 - 79                           77.250                 79.310

80 +                              78.660                 82.550



Education

                                                     Source 3

                                                    1991 Census



School certificate in 1 or more subjects                                        535.023

6th Form certificate or University entrance

in 1 or more subjects                                   410.568

Higher School or Higher Leaving Certificate             150.048

University Bursary or Scholarship                       140.214

Overseas Qualification                                  101.430

Other                                                   113.973

No school qualification                               1.054.107

Not specified                                            84.921



Employment Status                                    Source 4

                                             NZ Labour Force 92



Employed

Fulltime                                              1.141.200

Parttime                                                317.400



Unemployed

Fulltime                                                128.200

Parttime                                                 33.400



Unemployment Rate



Fulltime                                                 10.1 %

Parttime                                                  9.5 %





Study description:          Norway



Study-Title:                Social Inequality, Norway 1992



Context:                    The survey contains the ISSP Social

                            Inequality module and questions about social

                            inequality and relationships between leaders

                            and employees asked by: Natalie Rogoff

                            Rams›y, Oddbj›rn Knutsen, Ulf Torgersen,

                            Institute of Applied Social Research (Social

                            Inequality).

                            Fredrik Engelstad, Institute for Social

                            Research, Oslo (Social Inequality).

                            Torodd Strand, department of Administration

                            and Organization Theory, University of

                            Bergen (Leaders and Employees).



Fieldwork Dates:            February 12 to June 15, 1992



Principal Investigator:     NSD, Bergen



Sample Type:                The sample was a simple random sample from

                            the Central Register of Persons, aged 16-79

                            years.



Response Rates:

                            2500  A  - Total issued - total sample

                              48  B1 - Ineligible (emigrated, in

                                       hospital, dead)

                              32  B2 - Unknown or out of date addresses

                            2420  C  - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                       sample)

                             882  D  - Non-responses and Refusals

                            1538  E  - Total ISSP questionnaires received



Fieldwork Institute:        Norwegian Social Science Data

                            Services



Fieldwork Methods:          Data were collected by postal self-

                            completion questionnaire with one reminder

                            sent out February 19 and two follow-ups with

                            questionnaires sent out March 4 and March 18.



Sample Size:                Issued:         2 500          100.0 %

                            Achieved:       1 538            61.5 %



Language:                   Norwegian



Weighted:                   Weighting variable based on gender and age

                            groups

National Population Characteristics: Norway



                                Source 1                Source 2

                                Population              Net sample Norwegian Survey,

                                16-79 years             ISSP 1992

                                January 1, 1992



 Sex and age

 % of total



 Male                             49.8 %                 50.7 %



 16 - 24                           9.2 %                 10.3 %

 25 - 39                          10.3 %                 10.2 %

 35 - 44                           9.8 %                  9.9 %

 45 - 54                           7.6 %                  7.5 %

 55 - 64                           5.6 %                  5.9 %

 65 - 79                           7.2 %                  7.0 %



 Female                           50.2 %                 49.3 %



 16 - 24                           8.8 %                 10.3 %

 25 - 39                           9.7 %                 10.3 %

 35 - 44                           9.3 %                 10.2 %

 45 - 54                           7.4 %                  8.3 %

 55 - 64                           5.9 %                  4.8 %

 65 - 79                           9.2 %                  5.3 %



 Region



 Central east

 counties 2 & 3                   21.3 %                 19.7 %

 East counties 1, 4-7             24.5 %                 23.5 %

 South counties 8-10               9.4 %                  9.4 %

 West counties 11-15              25.0 %                 26.3 %

 Middle counties 16 & 17           8.9 %                  9.5 %

 North counties 18-20             10.8 %                 11.6 %



 N                             3.242.093                   1538                                      Source 3

                                    Labour force

                                          survey

                                         N=21900



 Labour force status



 In labour force                          63.5 %

 In school (pupil/student                  9.8 %

 Retired, social welfare                  15.1 %

 Home working                              5.1 %

 Unemployed                                5.7 %

 Other                                     0.7 %

 Missing                                   0.0 %



Education



 University (all levels)                  20.1 %

 High school (all levels)                 52.1 %

 Primary &

 Secondary school                         25.0 %

 Missing                                   2.8 %



Comments on labour force status and education



The NSD data are compared with data from the Norwegian Labour

Force Surveys (LFS). The LFS are conducted every month with a

gross sample of about 10000 persons aged 16-74 years. The aim of

the LFS is to watch the development in the labour market and to

estimate the composition of the population with respect to labour

force participation and main activity. In the LFS members of the

labour force are defined as people



1.      who have some sort of paid work or are drafted in military

        service (the questions tapping this aspect are identical in

        the LFS and the NSD surveys);

2.      who work in family business;

3.      who are temporarily out of work (e.g. sick, laid off).



From the NSD background variable questions we are able to

construct a labour force status variable which is a good

comparison with the LFS data. There might be a small uncertainty

about people who are temporarily out of work and for some reason

answer that they don't have paid work. Since the Central Bureau

of Statistics uses a combination of telephone and personal

interviewing in the LFS, we also believe that the Central Bureau

achieves relative higher response rates among marginal social

groups.

The construction of comparable education variables is more

uncertain, and the data should be interpreted with great care.

Only the number of people with education at university level is

comparable.



Study description:          Philippines



Study-Title:                Social Inequality in the Philippines: the

                            1992 ISSP Survey



Fieldwork Dates:            November 15 to December 15, 1992



Principal Investigator:     Social Weather Stations, Inc. (SWS)



Sample Type:                Multi-stage probability sample. The survey

                            had 1200 adult respondents (18 years and

                            above or the voting population), with

                            sampling quotas of 300 for each of the four

                            major areas: Metro Manila, Balance Luzon

                            (areas within Luzon but outside Metro

                            Manila), Visayas and Mindanao. Respondents

                            of the latter three major areas were further

                            subdivided into 150 urban and 150 rural

                            respondents. The number of respondents is

                            always realized. The survey has two types of

                            respondents: the household head, who

                            answered all questions pertaining to the

                            household, and the adult respondent, not

                            necessarily the household head, who answered

                            the rest of the questions. The ISSP

                            questions were answered by the adult

                            respondent.



Fieldwork Institute:        Social Weather Stations, Inc. (SWS)



Fieldwork Methods:          Face-to-face interview.



Context of ISSP

questionnaire:              Part of a national study



Sample Size:                1200



Weighted:                   Yes



Weighting Procedure:        To come up with total Philippine

                            figures, appropriate weights,

                            based on the National Statistics

                            Office's (NSO) 1980 projections

                            for the year 1985, were applied. The use of

                            these weights made the ISSP

                            Social Inequality module results

                            comparable with regular SWS

                            surveys. The obtained weights are

                            given below.



The allocation of sample units in each stage is as follows:



________________________________________________________________________



U R B A N



               Provinces          Cities      Precincts      Households     Respondents



Metro Manila          --              14             60             300             300

Balance

Luzon                 10              30             30             150             150

Visayas                5              15             30             150             150

Mindanao               5              15             30             150             150



Total                 20              54            150             750             750



_______________________________________________________________________



R U R A L



                       Barangays     Households    Respondents



Balance Luzon                 30             150            150

Visayas                       30             150            150

Mindanao                      30             150            150



Total                         90             450            450

______________________________________________________________________



Weight = population / sample size



                        Projected

                        # of adults             Total

                        1985                    sample

                        (in 000)                size    Weights



Metro Manila            4074                    300     13.58



Balance Luzon          12333                    300     41.11

          Urban         3895                    150     25.97

          Rural         8438                    150     56.25



Visayas                 6690                    300     22.30

          Urban         1892                    150     12.61

          Rural         4798                    150     31.99



Mindanao                6682                    300     22.27

          Urban         1704                    150     11.36

          Rural         4978                    150     33.19

Study Description:          Poland



Study-Title:                PGSS 1992: Social Inequality II (Poglady

                            Polakow 1992)



Principal Investigators:    Bogdan Czichomski, University of Warzawa



Sample Type:                The sample used in the PGSS-92 study was a

                            multilevel random area sample selected from

                            the sampling frame of the Central

                            Statistical Office. Households were selected

                            for the sample using the procedure described

                            below. Among the residents of each of the

                            households the interviewer selected one

                            person as the respondent. The procedure for

                            selecting households had several stages. In

                            the first phase the territory of the country

                            was divided into strata. Each city with a

                            population over 100 thous. residents

                            constituted a stratum (a total of 43

                            cities), and for the five largest cities

                            their districts were strata. For the other

                            cities strata were formed by grouping cities

                            according to a number of inhabitants. For

                            rural areas 8 regions were distinguished

                            based on the division of the Central

                            Statistical Office. In sum the territory of

                            Poland was divided in an exclusive and

                            exhaustive way into 77 strata. These strata

                            were than divided into three groups:

                            metropolitan, urban and rural. Simple random

                            sampling without replacement was used for

                            metropolitan strata. For urban strata a two

                            stage selection scheme was used. The

                            sampling for rural strata was conducted in

                            three stages. In the third phase a number of

                            households was randomly selected so that the

                            number of households drawn in the stratum

                            would be proportional to the size of the

                            stratum.The result of the above described

                            procedure for selection of households was a

                            collection of 2000 addresses of households.

                            Among the residents of each of the

                            households the interviewer selected one

                            person aged 18 years and more using random

                            numbers.



Fieldwork Methods:          The background data were collected through

                            personal interviewing, the ISSP Module was

                            conducted as a self-administered separate

                            questionnaire, filled in by respondent

                            him/herself after completing the interview

                            and then returned to the interviewer.



Sample Size:                1636



Response Rates:             2000  A - Total issued - total sample

                              53  B - Not eligible

                            1947  C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                      sample)

                            1647  D - Total ISSP questionnaires received

                                      Response rate: 84,6 %

                             300  E - Non-responses





                            Substantial reasons for Non-responses



                              76     Unavailability of the occupants

                              68     Refusals to admit interviewer

                              56     Temporarily unavailability of the

                                     respondent

                              22     Permanent indisposition of the

                                     respondent

                              55     Refusal to participate in the study

                              12     Error of the interview in selection of

                                     the respondent

                              11     Other reasons



Language:                   Polish



Weighted:                   Yes



Weighting Procedure:        The probabilities of selection

                            are inverely proportional to the number of

                            adults in individual household. This bias

                            may be partially corrected by weighting the

                            results by the number of adults in

                            individual households. This is standard

                            procedure in studies using area sampling

                            method. In addition, in the PGSS study post-

                            stratification weighting is used. This

                            method serves to adapt the structure of the

                            sample completed to the structure of the

                            population in respect to basic social and

                            demographic characteristics. The following

                            social and demographic characteristics were

                            considered: sex, age (divided into three

                            categories: 18-19 years old, 30-49 and over

                            50) and the division of the place of

                            residence into urban and rural.



National Population Characteristics: Poland



                                      Source 1

                                          1991



 Gender



 Male                                    49.57 %

 Female                                  50.43 %



 Age Groups



 15 - 19                                 11.70 %

 20 - 29                                 20.60 %

 30 - 39                                 26.20 %

 40 - 49                                 18.34 %

 50 - 59                                 15.72 %

 60 - 64                                  7.44 %



 Education

 Population 15 years and over



 Less than elemantary                     6.11 %

 Elementary                              38.92 %

 Basic vocational                        23.66 %

 High school                             24.78 %

 University                               6.53 %



Employment Status: Statistical Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 12,

Central Statistical Office



 Employed                                44.26 %

 Unemployed                               9.00 %

 Not in labour force               not available

 Not in labour force

 or private agriculture                  46.74 %







Study description:          Russia



Study-Title:                ISSP 1992: Inequality II module



Fieldwork Dates:            February 26 to March 19, 1992



Principal Investigator:     Dr. Ludmilla Khakhulina



Sample Type:                The sample was made on the following basis:

                            At the first stage the regional departments

                            were selected. On the second stage the

                            settlements were selected in the territorial

                            areas of these departments. On the third

                            stage the respondents living in these

                            settlements were selected. At the first and

                            second stages procedures of controlled

                            random drawing were used: on the first stage

                            this was a random sample drawing, and on the

                            second with probability proportional to the

                            size of settlements. On the third stage the

                            procedure of controlled random selection was

                            used from the address bureaus, lists of

                            electorate and lists of inhabitants in rural

                            settlements. At the first two stages the

                            sample was drawn on the basis of data on the

                            size of the population and structure of

                            settlements in the territorial zones of the

                            regional departments, at the third, on the

                            basis of data of the structure of the

                            population by sex and age. The number of

                            interviews to be conducted was divided

                            between regions proportional to the share of

                            inhabitants in these regions to the total

                            population of the chosen regions. The number

                            of respondents in each regional department

                            was divided between urban and rural

                            settlements in proportion to their share in

                            the region. At the next step the number of

                            target persons for the urban population in

                            the region was divided between the regional

                            centres, towns at the periphery and Moscow.

                            After this the controlled variables of the

                            structure of population by sex and age were

                            defined, and then the controlled systemic

                            random sample was drawn on the last stage of

                            the sample. In the regional departments the

                            banks of potential respondents were chosen

                            using the procedure of preliminary systemic

                            selection of respondents on the basis of

                            lists of address bureaus, lists of the

                            electorate, lists of workers at collective

                            farms and sovkhoses. After the addresses had

                            been selected and the controlled quotas

                            checked, they were given to interviewers for

                            them to interview the potential respondents

                            at their places of residence. Interviews

                            were attempted with persons 16+ years of

                            age. The planned urban respondents were

                            1477, rural 527. The interviews were

                            conducted in 42 settlements: 12 rural

                            settlements, 13 cities at the periphery, 17

                            central cities (centres of oblast,

                            autonomies), Moscow and Sanct-Petersburg.



Fieldwork Institute:        VCIOM, Moscow





Fieldwork Methods:          1775 questionnaires (89,5 %) were filled by

                            respondents themselves, 208 (10,5 %) were

                            filled by the interviewers.



Sample Size:                1983



Response Rates:

                            2187     A - Total issued - total sample

                              32     B - Not eligible

                            2155     C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                         sample)

                            1983     D - Total ISSP questionnaires received

                             172     E - Non-responses

                              77     F - Refusals

                              75     G - Non-contact

                              20     H - Other non-response



Language:                   Russian



Weighted:                   Yes



Weighting procedure:        Besides the criteria of sex and

                            age, some other socio-demographic

                            characteristics of the sample, first of all

                            the distribution of respondents by

                            education, differentiated substantially in

                            several regions. That is why the main aim of

                            weighting was to correct the data in respect

                            of education, while preserving very good

                            distribution by sex and age and distribution

                            by types of settlements. Using official

                            statistical data about gender, age, type of

                            settlement, education, we estimated a

                            sampling rate for each region, and than

                            conducted post-stratification weighting

                            basing on these coefficients.



National Population Characteristics: Russia





                                       Source 1

                                       All-Union Census

                                       1989



 Gender



 Male                                    45.42 %

 Female                                  54.58 %



 Age Groups



 16 - 19                                  7.17 %

 20 - 24                                  8.79 %

 25 - 34                                 22.91 %

 35 - 49                                 24.61 %

 50 - 64                                 23.75 %

 65 +                                    12.76 %



 Education



 Higher (completed and

 uncompleted)                               14 %

 Secondary (completed and

 uncompleted)                               38 %



Study Description:          Slovenia



Study-Title:                Slovensko Javno Mnenje (SJM - Slovenian

Public Opinion)



Fieldwork Dates:            February 1992



Principal Investigator:     Niko Tos, Janez Stebe; Public

                            Opinion and Mass Communication Research

                            Centre, University of Ljubljana



Sample Type:                The survey is a representative probability

                            survey of the residential population

                            conducted regularly from 1968. As a sampling

                            method it is used a systematic multi-stage

                            sampling of adults aged 18 to 70 years. It

                            is an EPSEM sample of persons. Based on a

                            central register of citizens at first stage

                            equally distant points (persons)  are

                            selected. At second stage two more points

                            were drawn by steps to the left and to the

                            right from the first point. Finally clusters

                            of five persons are formed around points on

                            register from the previous stage.



Fieldwork Institute:        Public Opinion and Mass

                            Communication Research Centre, University of

                            Ljubljana



Fieldwork Methods:          Personal Interviews



Context of ISSP:            The ISSP questionnaire on Social Inequality

                            was part of the questionnaire: SJM.



Sample Size:                1049



Response Rates:             1327     A - Total issued - total sample

                             128     B - Not eligible

                            1199     C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                         sample)

                            1049     D - Total ISSP questionnaires received

                             150     E - Non-responses

                              49     F - Refusals

                              35     G - Non-contact

                              66     H - Other non-response



Language:                   Slovenian



Weighted:                   No



Publication:                Blejec, Marjan: Nacrti in analiza vzorcev za

                            ankete "Slovensko javno mnenje", SJM68,

                            SJM69 in SJM70, VSSPN, 1970, Ljubljana.



National Population Characteristics: Slovenia



                                       Source 1

                                       Census 1981



Gender



Male                                     47.64 %

Female                                   52.35 %



Age Groups



0 - 14                                   22.97 %

15 - 19                                   7.60 %

20 - 24                                   7.92 %

25 - 29                                   8.66 %

30 - 34                                   7.87 %

35 - 39                                   6.28 %

40 - 44                                   6.47 %

45 - 49                                   6.49 %

50 - 54                                   6.22 %

55 - 59                                   5.14 %

60 - 64                                   3.00 %

65 - 69                                   3.71 %

70 - 74                                   3.35 %

75 +                                      3.98 %

unknown                                   0.28 %



Education (completed school grades)

Population 15 years and over



None or still at

school                                    1.42 %

1-3 years of elementary

school                                    2.14 %

4-7 years of elementary

school                                   22.37 %

Elementary school

completed                                32.52 %

Completed vocational

school                                   22.01 %

Completed

middle-school                            12.52 %

Higher degree                             2.79 %

University degree                         3.13 %

NA                                        1.06 %





Economic activity



Active persons

(labour force)                           49.64 %

Persons with their

own funds                                13.95 %

Dependent

persons                                  36.39 %





Employed persons in companies and other organizations (except

private) in 1990 (Statistical Yearbook RS 1991)



Employed                                 94.86 %

Unemployed                                5.13 %



Study Description:          Sweden





Study-Title:                Attitudes to Inequality - a Swedish Survey

                            1991



Fieldwork Dates:            February to April 1991



Fieldwork Institute:        Statistics, Sweden



Principal Investigators:    Stefan Svallfors, University of

                            Umea



Sample Type:                A representative sample of Swedish

                            population 18-74 years.



Fieldwork Methods:          Separate postal survey with two reminders by

                            post to all non-respondents and a telephone

                            interview follow-up on a sub-sample of

                            remaining non-respondents



Sample Size:                 749



Response Rates:             1498  A - Total issued - total sample

                              45  B - Emigrated, living in institutions,

                                      unknown address

                            1453  C - (= A - B) Total eligible (in scope

                                      sample)

                             915  D - Total ISSP questionnaires received

                                      (weighted)

                             701      by mail

                             214      by telephone

                             538  E - Non-responses

                             215  F - Refusals

                             323  G - Non-contact



Language                    Swedish



Weighted                    Yes



Weighting Procedure:        A subsample was drawn among those

                            who had still not responded after two

                            subsequent reminders. 50% of them were

                            selected for telephone interviewing,

                            following the normal practices of Statistics

                            Sweden. All respondents in the subsample has

                            accordingly been given the weight 2 in the

                            systemfile. However, in order to keep the

                            representativeness of the sample, all

                            calculations should be made using the

                            weight.



Study Description:          USA



Study-Title:                General Social Survey 1992 (GSS)



Fieldwork Dates:            February to April, 1992



Principal Investigators:    James A. Davis, Tom Smith, NORC



Sample Type:                Three-stage NORC Master Sampling: Full

                            Probability Sample



Fieldwork Institute:        National Opinion Research Center,

                            University of Chicago, NORC



Fieldwork Methods:          In 1992 NORC attempted to locate and

                            reinterview all 1517 respondents to the 1991

                            GSS. 1041 were reinterviewed by mail and 232

                            by telephone.



Context of ISSP

questionnaire:              The ISSP data are part of the GSS



Sample Size:                1273 achieved



Response Rates:             In 1992 NORC attempted to locate and

                            reinterview all 1517 respondents to the 1991

                            GSS. Interviews were completed with 84 % or

                            1273 of the 1991 GSS respondents. Of the 244

                            nonrespondents 115 could not be located, 100

                            refused, 20 were unable to respond for other

                            reasons (e.g. physically or mentally

                            incapable of answering questions), 8 were

                            deceased, and 1 was unavailable.



Language:                   American English



Weighted:                   Yes



Weighting procedure:        To adjust for the differential

                            response a weighting variable was created

                            based on education and family income. This

                            weight compensates for the

                            underrepresentation of the less educated and

                            lower income respondents in the 1992

                            reinterview. While this weight does not seem

                            to change results very much, researchers

                            should consider using it to help make the

                            1992 reinterview a representative sample of

                            the US adult population.



Publication:                General Social Survey, 1972-1992:

                            Cumulative Codebook, 1992, Conducted for the

                            National Data Program for the Social

                            Sciences at the National Opinion Research

                            Center, University of Chicago; Data

                            distributed by the Roper Center for Public

                            Opinion Research, University of Connecticut;

                            NORC Edition



National Population Characteristics: USA



                        Source 1                Source 2       Source 3

                             CPS                GSS 1990       GSS 1990

                            1988               unweight.       weighted



Gender



Male                      47.8 %                  44.0 %         45.2 %

Female                    52.2 %                  56.0 %         54.8 %

(N)                                               (1372)         (1372)





Age Groups



18 - 24                   14.7 %                  10.3 %         12.8 %

25 - 29                   12.0 %                   9.8 %         10.0 %

30 - 34                   12.0 %                  12.7 %         12.4 %

35 - 39                   10.5 %                  12.0 %         11.1 %

40 - 44                    8.9 %                  10.9 %         11.1 %

45 - 49                    7.2 %                   7.7 %          8.5 %

50 - 54                    6.1 %                   5.2 %          6.1 %

55 - 59                    6.0 %                   5.0 %          5.2 %

60 - 64                    6.0 %                   6.1 %          6.2 %

65 +                      16.7 %                  20.3 %         16.6 %

(N)                                               (1372)         (1372)





Years of

Schooling



0 -  8                    12.1 %                   9.3 %          9.1 %

9 - 12                    11.7 %                  12.7 %         13.1 %

12                        38.9 %                  31.3 %         31.5 %

13 - 15                   17.0 %                  23.5 %         23.3 %

16 +                      20.3 %                  23.3 %         21.4 %

(N)                                               (1228)         (1194)





Labor force

participation,

16 years or older



Employed                  62.3 %                  63.9 %         66.1 %

Unemployed                 3.6 %                   2.4 %          2.7 %

Not in labour             34.1 %                  33.6 %         31.1 %

(N)                                               (1372)         (1372)



Codebook Information



The example below is a reproduction of information appearing in

the machine readable codebook. The numbers in angular brackets

< > do not appear in the codebook, but are references to the

descriptions which follow the example.



Example



<1>          <2>

V4   GETTING AHEAD: WEALTHY FAMILY



<3>                  <4>         <5>

Location   14   MD1: 9   Dec.places:

Width       1   MD2: 8



<6>

Q.1  To begin, we have some questions about opportunities for

getting ahead. Tick one box for each of these to show how

important you think it is for getting ahead in life.

Q.1a  First, how important is coming from a wealthy family?



<7>



       <8>      <9>

      1.  Essential

      2.  Very important

      3.  Fairly important

      4.  Not very important

      5.  Not important at all

      8.  Can't choose, don't know

      9.  NA

<10>

             AUS    D-W    D-E     GB    USA      A      H      I      N

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      1  ³   127³   124³    80³    28³    42³   108³   152³    67³    35³

      %  ³   6.0³   5.6³   7.6³   2.7³   3.4³  10.8³  12.3³   6.7³   2.3³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      2  ³   397³   312³   159³   138³   179³   205³   219³   284³   134³

      %  ³  18.6³  14.1³  15.1³  13.1³  14.6³  20.5³  17.8³  28.5³   8.8³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      3  ³   608³   631³   274³   336³   397³   298³   462³   316³   540³

      %  ³  28.5³  28.4³  26.0³  31.9³  32.3³  29.9³  37.5³  31.8³  35.6³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      4  ³   777³   779³   342³   351³   389³   234³   298³   195³   586³

      %  ³  36.5³  35.1³  32.4³  33.3³  31.6³  23.4³  24.2³  19.6³  38.7³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      5  ³   222³   374³   199³   200³   223³   153³   101³   133³   220³

      %  ³  10.4³  16.8³  18.9³  19.0³  18.1³  15.3³   8.2³  13.4³  14.5³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      8  ³    6M³   69M³   34M³    8M³   24M³   26M³   18M³    1M³   13M³

         ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      9  ³   66M³    8M³    6M³    5M³   19M³    3M³      ³      ³   10M³

         ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

    Sum     2203   2297   1094   1066   1273   1027   1250    996   1538





              S     CS    SLO     PL     BG    RUS     NZ    CDN     RP

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      1  ³    22³    97³    43³   233³   289³   338³    29³    30³   116³

      %  ³   3.1³   9.0³   4.2³  15.2³  26.2³  19.1³   2.4³   3.0³   9.7³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      2  ³    90³   106³   184³   613³   179³   384³   144³   105³   385³

      %  ³  12.8³   9.9³  18.0³  40.1³  16.2³  21.6³  11.8³  10.6³  32.2³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      3  ³   259³   268³   313³   412³   319³   486³   435³   298³   293³

      %  ³  36.9³  24.9³  30.6³  27.0³  28.9³  27.4³  35.8³  30.2³  24.5³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      4  ³   240³   464³   262³   134³   239³   336³   400³   342³   359³

      %  ³  34.2³  43.1³  25.6³   8.8³  21.6³  18.9³  32.9³  34.7³  30.0³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      5  ³    90³   141³   222³   136³    79³   230³   208³   212³    43³

      %  ³  12.8³  13.1³  21.7³   8.9³   7.1³  13.0³  17.1³  21.5³   3.6³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      8  ³   18M³   22M³   21M³  102M³   79M³  209M³   17M³   13M³    4M³

         ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

      9  ³   30M³    3M³    4M³    6M³   14M³      ³    6M³    4M³      ³

         ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³      ³

         ³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³------³

    Sum      749   1101   1049   1636   1198   1983   1239   1004   1200



Explanations



<1>   A variable (and reference) number have been assigned to

each item in the study. In the present codebook which documents

the archived data set, these numbers are identical. Should the

data set be subsetted or rearranged the variable numbers might

change to reflect the order of the new data set while the

reference numbers would remain unchanged to provide a link to the

archived data set.



<2>   Indicates the abbreviated (24 character maximum) variable

label used within OSIRIS or SPSS system files.



<3>   "Location" indicates the starting position of the variable

when the dataset is stored in the OSIRIS format."Width" describes

the number of positions of the variable.



<4>   "MD" indicates the designation of the missing data. MD1

indicates an explicit defined single value. MD2 designates a

single value or a value range, i.e. all values equal or

greater than this value have been declared missing. Although

these categories are defined as missing data categories, this

does not mean that the user should not or cannot use these codes

if so desired.



<5>   If a variable contains implied decimals, the message

"Dec.places: xx" appears here, where xx is the number of decimal

places.



<6>   Indicates the full question text taken from the British

questionnaire. Wherever possible the original sequence of

questions has been retained, although some changes were necessary

to integrate the different national questionnaires.



<7>   Indicates commentaries and explanations added during the

processing of the study. < within question or answer texts may

indicate whether the questionnaire in a particular country is

deviating from the general format.



<8>   Indicates the code value for the single answer category.



<9>   Indicates the textual definition of the codes.

Abbreviations commonly used are DK (don't know), NA (no answer),

Can't choose, Not applicable and Not available.



<10>  Indicates percentaged frequencies by country. This form is

used whenever code categories have the same meaning for all

countries. Column percentages are based only on  "valid cases".

Missing data values were excluded from percentages.